Awareness, Verbal Conditioning and Meaning Conditioning

Miller, Adam

doi:10.2466/pr0.1967.21.2.681

Cited by 23 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…14478 This (David, 1967;Miller, 1967;and Mondy, 1968) supports the position that in VOC awareness precedes or occurs concurrently with response modification.…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

The effects of cognitive processes on skin conductance reactivity to an aversive film

Glass

Mayhew

1969

Psychon Sci

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main effect (F = 7.82; df= 5,80; p< .01) and the Blocks by Schedule interaction (F = 3.11; df= 5,80; p< .05) were significant; none of the effects involving measure attained significance. For the low-MA Ss,in addition to the blocks main effect (F = 7.92; df= 5,80; p< .01) and the Blocks by Schedule interaction (F = 5.31; df= 5,80; p< .01), the Blocks by Measure by Schedule interaction attained significance (F = 3.94; df= 5,80; p< .01). Subsequent analyses in terms of blocks and reward schedule, performed separately for the starting speeds and movement speeds ofthe low-MA Ss, indicated a significant Blocks by Schedule interaction (F = 8.02; df= 5,80; p< .01) for the movement speed dataonly; the corresponding interaction for starting speed was not significant (F = 1.53; df= 5,80;p> .10). D1SCUSSION The major results of the reanalyses ofthe Watson et al (1%7) data may be summarized briefly as fonows: (a) for high-MA Ss, asymptotic partial-reward superiority was evident on both starting speed and movement speed;(b) forlow-MA Ss, asymptotic partial-reward superiority was evident on movement speed but not on starting speed.These results confirm in full the predictions detaiJed earlier in this paper, and support the notion that an attentional factor is operative in the starting response but not the movement response. They further suggest that an attentional deficiency eliminates the performance increment resuIting from nonreward, when the response in question has a large attentional component. The present data do not permit determination of whether the attentional deficiency resuIts in (a) decreased reactivity to frustrative nonreward, (b) a relative fai/ure to establish the reward expectancy which is assumed to underlie frustrative nonreward, or (c) both. Further research should be directed toward this question.A second implication of these findings is that frustration can be specific to one of several contiguous responses (see Watson, 1968). The difference in performance between partial and continuous reward may be thought of as due either to primary frustration, which persists from a preceding trial to a subsequent trial, or to conditioned frustration, wh ich is elicited at the beginning of a trial. In the case ofthe low-MA Ssofthe present paper, who demonstrated the 50%-100% difference on movement but not starting speed, it is evident that conditioned rather than primary frustration was respon· sible, since primary frustration would have elevated both the starting and movement speeds ofthe 50% group.

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“…14478 This (David, 1967;Miller, 1967;and Mondy, 1968) supports the position that in VOC awareness precedes or occurs concurrently with response modification.…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

The effects of cognitive processes on skin conductance reactivity to an aversive film

Glass

Mayhew

1969

Psychon Sci

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“…As with the issue of awareness in verbal conditioning studies, there are experiments (e.g., Insko & Oakes, 1966;Page, 1969) which reported that awareness is necessary for conditioning. On the other hand, there are other experiments which reported that awareness is not necessary for the classical conditioning of attitudes (Ertel, Oldenberg, Siry, & Vormfelde, 1969;Miller, 1966Miller, , 1967Minke & Stalling, 1970;Yavuz & Bousfield, 1959;Zanna et al, 1970). Those who consider awareness necessary tend to employ more extensive means of assessing awareness than those who consider awareness unnecessary.…”

Section: Delvedmentioning

confidence: 98%

Deprivation-satiation and strength of attitude conditioning: A test of attitude-reinforcer-discriminative theory.

Staats

Minke²,

Martin³

et al. 1972

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Previous studies have suggested that attitude conditioning is affected by deprivation-satiation (drive) operations. Deprivation of attitude-eliciting objects should make the objects (or words denoting the objects) more strongly elicit the attitude, and thus be more effective in conditioning attitudes to new stimuli. In the present study with 254 undergraduates, food words were considered to be attitude stimuli which through preexperimental conditioning (pairing with the type of food) had come to elicit positive attitude responses. Results support the hypothesis that a new stimulus paired with the attitude stimuli (food words) would come to elicit a positive attitude more strongly for Ss deprived of food than for Ss satiated on food. Relevance of the results for a general learning theory of attitudes and social interaction as well as for the study of the attitudinal and interpersonal function of language is discussed. (51 ref.)

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“…Immediately after the experiment, each subject, tested individually, completed a questionnaire relating to her insight into the responsereinforcement process. The questionnaire was modelled on that used by Miller (1967). All those subjects who were aware of the connection between their behaviour and the experimenter's reinforcer were eliminated and replaced by others not so aware.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal operant conditioning as a function of extraversion and reinforcement

Gupta

Shukla

1989

British J of Psychology

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The present investigation was designed to study the dfects of rewarding and punishing verbal reinforcers on verbal operant conditioning as a function of extraversion-introversion. A randomized block design involving three levels of extraversion (extraverts, ambiverts and introverts) and two verbal reinforcement conditions ('good' and 'poor'), was replicated 20 times. One hundred and twenty undergraduate and postgraduate female students were individually subjected to Taffel's verbal conditioning procedure. The study supports the following conclusions: (1) extraverts as compared to introverts and ambiverts condition better with the rewarding reinforcer ('good ') while the introverts compared to extraverts and ambiverts condition better with the punishing reinforcer ('poor'); (2) extraverts condition better with the rewarding reinforcer compared to the punishing one, whereas the introverts condition better with the punishing reinforcer compared to the rewarding one ; (3) ambiverts condition comparably with both the rewarding and punishing reinforcers. TafM, C. (1955). Anxiety and the conditioning of verbal behaviour. Journal of Abnormal and Social

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Awareness, Verbal Conditioning and Meaning Conditioning

Cited by 23 publications

References 13 publications

The effects of cognitive processes on skin conductance reactivity to an aversive film

The effects of cognitive processes on skin conductance reactivity to an aversive film

Deprivation-satiation and strength of attitude conditioning: A test of attitude-reinforcer-discriminative theory.

Verbal operant conditioning as a function of extraversion and reinforcement

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