Autophagy Proteins in Viral Exocytosis and Anti-Viral Immune Responses

Münz, Christian

doi:10.3390/v9100288

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Interestingly enough, a function of ER-MT contacts in viral responses have been described [129] and as already said MAVS protein localizes at MAM. Autophagy is also known to play complex and unclear roles in virus replication [130]. It is thus possible to speculate that the profound relationship between MT and viral responses also involves autophagy.…”

Section: Concluding Remarks: Is Autophagy Key For a Better Understandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Dynamics in Basal and Stressful Conditions

Zemirli

Morel

Molino

2018

IJMS

126

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The historical role of mitochondria resides in converting the energy released during the oxidation of macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) into adenosine tri-phosphate, a major form of chemically stored energy which sustains cell growth and homeostasis. Beyond this role in bioenergetics regulation, mitochondria play a role in several other cellular processes including lipid metabolism, cellular calcium homeostasis, autophagy and immune responses. Furthermore, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles: as all other cellular endomembranes, they are continuously moving along cytoskeleton, and, most importantly, they constantly interact one with each other by membrane tethering, fusion and fission. This review aims to highlight the tight correlation between the morphodynamics of mitochondria and their biological function(s), in physiological as well as stress conditions, in particular nutrient deprivation, pathogen attack and some human diseases. Finally, we emphasize some crosstalk between the fusion/fission machinery and the autophagy pathway to ending on some speculative hypothesis to inspire future research in the field.

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Section: Concluding Remarks: Is Autophagy Key For a Better Understandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Dynamics in Basal and Stressful Conditions

Zemirli

Morel

Molino

2018

IJMS

126

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“…Autophagy may have distinct functions depending on the stage of infection or the host cell type infected (75,76). In the early phase of HSV-1 infection, autophagy was found to be transiently induced in human THP-1 cells favoring viral replication (77).…”

Section: Therapeutic Approaches Against Infections By Modulating Automentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Autophagy in Innate Immune Cells: Angel or Demon During Infection and Vaccination?

Tao

Drexler

2020

Front. Immunol.

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Innate immune cells are the "doorkeepers" in the immune system and are important for the initiation of protective vaccine responses against infection. Being an essential regulatory component of the immune system in these cells, autophagy not only mediates pathogen clearance and cytokine production, but also balances the immune response by preventing harmful overreaction. Interestingly, recent literature indicates that autophagy is positively or negatively regulating the innate immune response in a cell type-specific manner. Moreover, autophagy serves as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. It is involved in antigen presentation by delivering pathogen compounds to B and T cells, which is important for effective immune protection. Upon infection, autophagy can also be hijacked by some pathogens for replication or evade host immune responses. As a result, autophagy seems like a double-edged sword to the immune response, strongly depending on the cell types involved and infection models used. In this review, the dual role of autophagy in regulating the immune system will be highlighted in various infection models with particular focus on dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. Targeting autophagy in these cells as for therapeutic application or prophylactic vaccination will be discussed considering both roles of autophagy, the "angel" enhancing innate immune responses, antigen presentation, pathogen clearance and dampening inflammation or the "demon" enabling viral replication and degrading innate immune components. A better understanding of this dual potential will help to utilize autophagy in innate immune cells in order to optimize vaccines or treatments against infectious diseases.

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“…Selective autophagy protects the cytoplasm from invading bacteria, during which NDP52 plays a center role in the recognition and binding to bacteria [51]. Fip200 and SINTBAD/NAP1 are subunits of the Ulk and Tbk1kinase complex, respectively, which are independently recruited to Salmonella by NDP52 [52]. When the trimeric complex is combined, "eat-me" signal initiates autophagy, thereby enclosing the bacteria into the autophagic vesicles [53].…”

Section: The Role Of Ndp52 In Salmonella Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NADPH oxidase activity plays an important role in LAP and the activation of the ATG conjugation systems, which is dispensable for xenophagy [56]. Interestingly, during Listeria and Salmonella infection, LAP and xenophagy both occur at the same time [57], and they can be difficult to distinguish, since both are defined by membrane-associated LC3 [52]. In the cytosol, actin-polymerized bacteria are recognized by ATG5 and embedded in the septin cage structure, which prompts the bacteria to target autophagy degradation, and prevents its spreading [58].…”

Section: The Role Of Ndp52 In Shigella Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Autophagy and Autophagy Receptor NDP52 in Microbial Infections

Fan

Zhu

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Autophagy is a general protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, regulating cellular metabolism, and promoting cell survival by degrading and recycling cellular components under stress conditions. The degradation pathway that is mediated by autophagy receptors is called selective autophagy, also named as xenophagy. Autophagy receptor NDP52 acts as a ‘bridge’ between autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and it also plays an important role in the process of selective autophagy. Pathogenic microbial infections cause various diseases in both humans and animals, posing a great threat to public health. Increasing evidence has revealed that autophagy and autophagy receptors are involved in the life cycle of pathogenic microbial infections. The interaction between autophagy receptor and pathogenic microorganism not only affects the replication of these microorganisms in the host cell, but it also affects the host’s immune system. This review aims to discuss the effects of autophagy on pathogenic microbial infection and replication, and summarizes the mechanisms by which autophagy receptors interact with microorganisms. While considering the role of autophagy receptors in microbial infection, NDP52 might be a potential target for developing effective therapies to treat pathogenic microbial infections.

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Autophagy Proteins in Viral Exocytosis and Anti-Viral Immune Responses

Cited by 18 publications

References 77 publications

Mitochondrial Dynamics in Basal and Stressful Conditions

Mitochondrial Dynamics in Basal and Stressful Conditions

Targeting Autophagy in Innate Immune Cells: Angel or Demon During Infection and Vaccination?

The Role of Autophagy and Autophagy Receptor NDP52 in Microbial Infections

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