Mitochondrial Dynamics in Basal and Stressful Conditions

Abstract

The historical role of mitochondria resides in converting the energy released during the oxidation of macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) into adenosine tri-phosphate, a major form of chemically stored energy which sustains cell growth and homeostasis. Beyond this role in bioenergetics regulation, mitochondria play a role in several other cellular processes including lipid metabolism, cellular calcium homeostasis, autophagy and immune responses. Furthermore, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles: as all other cellular endomembranes, they are continuously moving along cytoskeleton, and, most importantly, they constantly interact one with each other by membrane tethering, fusion and fission. This review aims to highlight the tight correlation between the morphodynamics of mitochondria and their biological function(s), in physiological as well as stress conditions, in particular nutrient deprivation, pathogen attack and some human diseases. Finally, we emphasize some crosstalk between the fusion/fission machinery and the autophagy pathway to ending on some speculative hypothesis to inspire future research in the field.

Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are necessary for proper invasive growth in rice blast

“…Mitochondrial fragmentation can be triggered by multiple environmental factors such as oxidative stress and carbon source depletion (Zemirli and Morel, ). During host invasion, the fungal pathogen generally encounters the plant defence response, oxidative stress and metabolic stress.…”

“…The adaptation of mitochondrial fusion and fission to cellular demands is critical for a number of important physiological processes (Zemirli and Morel, ). In M. oryzae , the complex composed of MoDnm1, MoFis1 and MoMdv1 regulates mitochondrial fission and plays important roles in pathogenesis (Khan et al , ; Zhong et al , ).…”

“…Mitochondria, the semi‐autonomous double‐membrane bound organelles, generate most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for diverse cellular functions and are involved in various physiological processes, including lipid metabolism, redox signalling, calcium and iron homeostasis, and programmed cell death (Nunnari and Suomalainen, ; Zemirli and Morel, ). Depending on the cellular physiology and environment, mitochondria exhibit a variety of morphologies, ranging from elongated and interconnected networks to small spherical organelles.…”

Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are necessary for proper invasive growth in Rice Blast

“…Mitochondria, the semi-autonomous double-membrane bound organelles, generate most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for diverse cellular functions and are involved in various physiological processes including lipid metabolism, redox signalling, calcium- and iron-homeostasis, and programmed cell death (Zemirli & Morel, 2018, Nunnari & Suomalainen, 2012). Depending on the cellular physiology and environment, mitochondria exhibit a variety of morphologies, ranging from elongated and interconnected networks to small spherical organelles.…”

“…Maintaining the mitochondrial morphology in steady state by the balance of fusion and fission activities is critical for living cells. When this equilibrium is broken, mitochondrial shape and dynamics are disturbed leading to important physiological consequences including increased cellular stress and various diseases (Zemirli & Morel, 2018, Rapaport et al , 1998, Guan et al , 1993, Sesaki & Jensen, 2001, Chang & Doering, 2018, Ma et al , 2009, Mozdy et al , 2000, Delettre et al , 2000, Kijima et al , 2005).…”