[Abstract unavailable

Summary Recycling endosomes consist of a tubular network that emerges from vacuolar sorting endosomes and diverts cargoes toward the cell surface, the Golgi or lysosome-related organelles. How recycling tubules are formed remains unknown. We show that recycling endosome biogenesis requires the protein complex BLOC-1. Mutations in BLOC-1 subunits underlie an inherited disorder characterized by albinism, the Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, and are associated with schizophrenia risk. We show here that BLOC-1 coordinates the kinesin KIF13A-dependent pulling of endosomal tubules along microtubules to the Annexin A2/actin-dependent stabilization and detachment of recycling tubules. These components cooperate to extend, stabilize and form tubular endosomal carriers that function in cargo recycling and in the biogenesis of pigment granules in melanocytic cells. By shaping recycling endosomal tubules, our data reveal that dysfunction of the BLOC-1-KIF13A-Annexin A2 molecular network underlies the pathophysiology of neurological and pigmentary disorders.

Defects in endosomal sorting have been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Endosomal traffic is largely controlled by phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), a phosphoinositide synthesized primarily by lipid kinase Vps34. Here we show that PI3P is selectively deficient in brain tissue from humans with AD and AD mouse models. Silencing Vps34 causes an enlargement of neuronal endosomes, enhances the amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in these organelles and reduces APP sorting to intraluminal vesicles. This trafficking phenotype is recapitulated by silencing components of the ESCRT pathway, including the PI3P effector Hrs and Tsg101. APP is ubiquitinated, and interfering with this process by targeted mutagenesis alters sorting of APP to the intraluminal vesicles of endosomes and enhances amyloid-beta peptide generation. In addition to establishing PI3P deficiency as a contributing factor in AD, these results clarify the mechanisms of APP trafficking through the endosomal system in normal and pathological states.

Early endosomes give rise to multivesicular intermediates during transport toward late endosomes. Much progress has been made in understanding the sorting of receptors into these intermediates, but the mechanisms responsible for their biogenesis remain unclear. Here, we report that F-actin is necessary for transport beyond early endosomes and endosome formation. We found that endosomes captured by actin cables were essentially stationary, but early endosomes also exhibited patches of F-actin and facilitated selective F-actin nucleation and polymerization. Our data show that nucleation of actin patches by early endosomes is strictly dependent on annexin A2, a protein involved in early-to-late endosome transport. It also requires the actin nucleation factor Spire1 and involves Arp2/3, which is needed for filament branching. We conclude that actin patches are nucleated on early endosomes via annexin A2 and Spire1, and that these patches control endosome biogenesis, presumably by driving the membrane remodeling process.

Highlights d Autophagy induction in hippocampal neurons is required to promote memory formation d Hippocampal autophagy induction enhances activitydependent synaptic plasticity d Inducing autophagy in old hippocampi is sufficient to reverse age-impaired memory d Autophagy integrates the effects of youthful systemic factors in the aged brain

The double-membrane-bound autophagosome is formed by the closure of a structure called the phagophore, origin of which is still unclear. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is clearly implicated in autophagosome biogenesis due to the presence of the omegasome subdomain positive for DFCP1, a phosphatidyl-inositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) binding protein. Contribution of other membrane sources, like the plasma membrane (PM), is still difficult to integrate in a global picture. Here we show that ER-plasma membrane contact sites are mobilized for autophagosome biogenesis, by direct implication of the tethering extended synaptotagmins (E-Syts) proteins. Imaging data revealed that early autophagic markers are recruited to E-Syt-containing domains during autophagy and that inhibition of E-Syts expression leads to a reduction in autophagosome biogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that E-Syts are essential for autophagy-associated PI3P synthesis at the cortical ER membrane via the recruitment of VMP1, the stabilizing ER partner of the PI3KC3 complex. These results highlight the contribution of ER-plasma membrane tethers to autophagosome biogenesis regulation and support the importance of membrane contact sites in autophagy.

While macroautophagy is known to be an essential degradative process whereby autophagosomes mediate the engulfment and delivery of cytoplasmic components into lysosomes, the lipid changes underlying autophagosomal membrane dynamics are undetermined. Here we show that phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which is primarily associated with the endosomal system, partially relocalizes to the outer membrane of autophagosome-like structures upon nutrient starvation. The localization of PLD1, as well as the starvation-induced increase in PLD activity, are altered by wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, suggesting PLD1 may act downstream of Vps34. Pharmacological inhibition of PLD and genetic ablation of PLD1 in the mouse decrease the starvation-induced expansion of LC3-positive compartments, consistent with a role of PLD1 in the regulation of autophagy. Furthermore, inhibition of PLD results in higher levels of tau and p62 aggregates in organotypic brain slices. Our in vitro and in vivo findings establish a novel role for PLD1 in autophagy.

Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) is a key player in membrane dynamics and trafficking regulation. Most PI3P is associated with endosomal membranes and with the autophagosome preassembly machinery, presumably at the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme responsible for most PI3P synthesis, VPS34 and proteins such as Beclin1 and ATG14L that regulate PI3P levels are positive modulators of autophagy initiation. It had been assumed that a local PI3P pool was present at autophagosomes and preautophagosomal structures, such as the omegasome and the phagophore. This was recently confirmed by the demonstration that PI3P-binding proteins participate in the complex sequence of signalling that results in autophagosome assembly and activity. Here we summarize the historical discoveries of PI3P lipid kinase involvement in autophagy, and we discuss the proposed role of PI3P during autophagy, notably during the autophagosome biogenesis sequence. PI3P in membrane identity and traffickingPhosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) is a phosphoinositide [1]. Many lipids, including some phosphoinositides such as PI4,5P 2 , have been shown to play crucial roles in cellular organization, motility and intracellular membrane trafficking [2] including membrane protrusion, invagination and remodelling. Interestingly, the subcellular location of phosphoinositides inside the cell is tightly regulated, and the presence, or absence, of specific phosphoinositides, together with specialized membrane trafficking proteins such as Rab small GTPases, at a given membrane compartment is often directly correlated with compartment function [3]. Phosphoinositides such as PI4,5P 2 , PI3,4,5P 3 and PI4P have been detected at the plasma membrane and at the Golgi apparatus (Fig. 1). Instead, PI3P is detected at surface of early endosomes and on intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and on autophagosomes, the main organelle of the autophagy degradation pathway [4,5]. PI3,5P 2 , a subproduct of PI3P, is also detected on autophagosomes and the limiting membranes of late endosomes. Finally, PI3P is observed at sites of LC3-associated phagocytosis and Abbreviations 3-MA, 3-methyl-adenine; ALFY, autophagy-FYVE-linked protein; ALR, autophagosome-lysosome reformation; AMBRA1, autophagy/beclin-1 regulator 1; ATG, autophagy-related; CMA, chaperone-mediated autophagy; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FYCO1, FYVE and coiled-coil domain containing 1; INPP5E, inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E; LIR, LC3 interaction region; MTMRs, myotubularins; NRBF2, nuclear receptor-binding factor 2; PAS, preautophagosomal structure; PI3KC2, class II phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PI3KC3, class III phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PI3P, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PROPPIN, β-propellers that bind phosphoinositides; RUFY4, RUN and FYVE domain containing 4; TECPR1, Tectonin domain-containing protein 1; VMP1, vacuole membrane protein 1.