Automation Dependency and Performance Gains under Time Pressure

Abstract

Objective: An experiment tested a technique for encouraging appropriate human-automation interaction. Background: Operators often fail to make optimal use of automated aids, particularly when the aids are highly reliable. One way to discourage automation disuse might be to encourage automation dependence through time pressure. Methods: Fifty-two participants performed a simulated security screening task, searching for knives hidden in cluttered baggage x-rays. Participants were assisted by a diagnostic aid that was either 95%, 80% or 65% reliable, and were given instructions that asked them to make speeded or unspeeded decisions. Results: Participants showed higher levels of automation dependence under time pressure. This benefited overall performance in the 95% reliable condition. Conclusion: Time pressure encouraged heuristic dependence on automation aids, and benefited overall human-automation performance when the automation was highly reliable. Application: Data suggest a method for mitigating automation disuse.

Effect of Descriptive Information and Experience on Automation Reliance

“…More in line with the current research are studies on ways to mitigate underreliance on real-time decision support systems. For instance, Rice and Keller (2009) demonstrated that under time pressure, participants tended to rely more on automated systems than when they were given more time to decide whether to comply with its recommendations. Dzindolet et al (2003) found that giving operators information about why automated systems were likely to make errors increased automation reliance.…”

Factors Affecting Online Impulse Buying: Evidence from Chinese Social Commerce Environment

“…In social commerce environment, consumers are attracted due to scarcity message to purchase products and services which will not be available for a long time. In social commerce, limits take the forms of quantity and time [38]. Limited quantity limits the number of quantity of available services and products; whereas limited time limits the period of buying particular products and services.…”

Visual search behavior and performance in luggage screening: effects of time pressure, automation aid, and target expectancy

“…In addition, effects of automation support on performance in visual search tasks seem to interact with effects of time pressure. More specifically, being under extreme time pressure has been shown to increase operator reliance on and compliance with the automation (Rice et al 2008;Rice and Keller 2009;Rice et al 2010;Rice and Trafimow 2012). Thus, somewhat counterintuitively, time pressure might not necessarily be detrimental in this case but could even increase the overall visual search performance (i.e., accuracy and sensitivity) if humans more strictly follow the DSS's recommendations under high time pressure-and if the automation alone were more accurate and sensitive than the human.…”