Automatic analysis of slips of the tongue: Insights into the cognitive architecture of speech production

Abstract

Traces of the cognitive mechanisms underlying speaking can be found within subtle variations in how we pronounce sounds. While speech errors have traditionally been seen as categorical substitutions of one sound for another, acoustic/articulatory analyses show they partially reflect the intended sound. When “pig” is mispronounced as “big,” the resulting /b/ sound differs from correct productions of “big,” moving towards intended “pig”—revealing the role of graded sound representations in speech production. Investigating the origins of such phenomena requires detailed estimation of speech sound distributions; this has been hampered by reliance on subjective, labor-intensive manual annotation. Computational methods can address these issues by providing for objective, automatic measurements. We develop a novel high-precision computational approach, based on a set of machine learning algorithms, for measurement of elicited speech. The algorithms are trained on existing manually labeled data to detect and locate linguistically relevant acoustic properties with high accuracy. Our approach is robust, is designed to handle mis-productions, and overall matches the performance of expert coders. It allows us to analyze a very large dataset of speech errors (containing far more errors than the total in the existing literature), illuminating properties of speech sound distributions previously impossible to reliably observe. We argue that this provides novel evidence that two sources both contribute to deviations in speech errors: planning processes specifying the targets of articulation and articulatory processes specifying the motor movements that execute this plan. These findings illustrate how a much richer picture of speech provides an opportunity to gain novel insights into language processing.

Slip of the Tongue in Barack Obama Interview at the Axe File

“…It is also similar to those produced by non-native speakers (Asyura, 2017) and involving more on the phonological segment (Frisch and Wright, 2002). Such slips happen as deviations in speech errors in the planning processes specifying the targets of articulation and articulatory processes specifying the motor movements that execute the utterance plan (Goldrik et al, 2016). It results in the practice of content shifts on locus attention during speech production planning (Kawachi, 2002).…”

Interactions between lexical access and articulation

“…Cascade similarly allows partial activation of phonological representations to influence phonetic processing. For example, the partial activation of target phonetic properties causes speech errors to systematically deviate away from an error outcome, towards the intended target (e.g., in a slip from DOG to TOG, the voice onset time of /t/ tends to be more /d/-like than a canonical /t/; for a review, see Goldrick, Keshet, Gustafson, Heller, & Needle, 2016).…”

Speech errors and articulatory gestures: an electropalatographic investigation

“…Acoustic studies also confi rmed (Frisch and Wright 2002;Goldrick and Blumstein 2006;Goldrick et al 2016) that errors need not pertain to the whole segment exclusively (i.e. phoneme substitutions, omissions or exchanges), but they could be produced with a partial presence of an acoustic feature atypical for intended segment, or as a partial absence of the expected feature.…”