Authoritarian Modernization in Indonesia’s Early Independence Period

Fakih, Farabi

doi:10.1163/9789004437722

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…However, in modern democracy such physical colonialism has been changed to imperialism. Under imperialism the new order has designed which runs through their institutions to control the developing countries (Fakih, 2020). For instance, from 2018 to 2022 Islamabad had been controlled by the FATF and IMF because of the major powers' interests in the region (Anam et al, 2022).…”

Section: International Institutions' Role In Pakistan's Economy From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pakistan’s economy: The Role of International Institutions (2018-2022)

Ahmad,

Warraich,

Khan

2024

RJSI

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Pakistan’s economy has been dependant on the international institutions since 1958 when Pakistan first time approached to get loan from International Monetary Fund (IMF). Pakistan approached due to bad governance, extractive political and economic institutions, the lack of reforms, and the lack of effective utilization of human and natural resources. These issues keep the Islamabad’s economy fragile and dependent on the international institutions such as IMF, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank. All these issues are constructed by the elites in order to perpetuate their status quo. Since 1958 up to date, Pakistan has been failed to build the sustainable economy under the umbrella of IMF and such other institutions including the assistance of friendly countries like China, Saudi Arabia, and UAE and so on. Thus the role of international institutions immensely influence both economic and political decisions and policies. In this article the role of international institutions and local elites in Pakistan’s economy will be comprehended whether international institutions and elites have been playing a positive or a negative role. Besides, the remedial measures will be suggested which keep Pakistan’s economy on the right and sustainable path in order to get rid of such uncertain phenomena.

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Section: International Institutions' Role In Pakistan's Economy From ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pakistan’s economy: The Role of International Institutions (2018-2022)

Ahmad,

Warraich,

Khan

2024

RJSI

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“…In the early years after the Revolution, we see a large number of Dutch scholars and experts operating in Indonesian knowledge institutions (universities, research centers, businesses, publishing houses). In the course of the 1950s, American influences became increasingly prominent, and with it, the validation of certain types of modernization and developmentalism propagated by the U.S. and international organization dominated by the West (Fakih 2020;Neelakantan 2017: 142-177). American experts underscored the differences between "their" approaches to science and higher education, and colonial ones to argue that US technical cooperation would be more conductive to the materialization of a prosperous Indonesia.…”

Section: Modern Science and Beyondmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Business and industry were slow to respond to the obligation to appoint and train Indonesians. It often required strong government interventions in terms of forcing companies to hire and train a certain quota of Indonesian staff, and, most rigorously, nationalizing Dutch owned businesses in 1957 (Lindblad 2008;Fakih 2020). Among the various sectors of knowledge formation in Indonesian society, business and industries represented the most technically challenging to replicate.…”

Section: Knowledge Transfer: Businessmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Introduction to the Special Editions on Indonesian Knowledge Decolonization

Sejarah¹

2021

lembaran-sejarah

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Indonesian Knowledge CulturesKnowledge is a new topic in the historiography of Indonesia. This is a salutary development, because "knowledge" pervades every corner of society. Whether we are concerned with food production, health care, governance, industry or education, forms of knowledge are involved. Knowledge(s) and society are deeply connected. The ways in which particular bodies of knowledge are construed, produced, and validated are often informed by cultural, political, and socio-economic processes, which in turn are themselves the products of procedures that in one way or another involved knowledge.The intertwinement of knowledge and society makes the decades before and after Indonesian independence a fascinating period in the history of knowledge. In February 2020, some 25 scholars from Indonesia, Japan, Australia, and the Netherlands gathered at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta to discuss issues concerning the production, dissemination, uses and validations of knowledge in these crucial years. The period gains its importance from the fact that Indonesians faced the task of defining the parameters of the new nation, to address the legacies of the colonial past, and to adjust these to the needs and uses of the independent country. They had to deal with many questions: what kinds of knowledge production and dissemination should have priority, what kind of institutions were needed, and what should be kept from colonial times and what could be discarded? Did Indonesia really need modern knowledge or was there an alternative? These questions were not just about a new infrastructure to promote knowledge, but were manifestations of a deeply political and ideological search project for the fundaments of Indonesian society.The articles in this and the next issue of Lembaran Sejarah are the outcome of this conference and explore the abovementioned questions about the production, institutionalization, dissemination, discourses and uses of knowledge in early-independent Indonesia, with some excursions to late-colonial times. The present edition contains the articles written by Ahmad Nashih Luthfi, Wahyu Suriyani, Sebastiaan Broere, Nur Janti and Didi Kwartanada and explore the decolonization of knowledge cultures on the fields of health, land tenure, racial classification and agricultural programs. The next issue of the

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“…e making of the independent state of Indonesia involved a modelling of the indigenous mode of organization, the desa or village, as a prototype of managerial structure (Rahardjo, 1994, pp. 493-502; see also Fakih, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of The Discursive Gap in the Ideas and Practices of Musyawarah Mufakat in the Indonesian Nation-State Formation, 1900-1980s

Suwignyo

Yuliantri

2023

Hist Stud J

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The aim of this paper is to examine the existing studies on the Indonesian deliberative mechanism of decision making, musyawarah-mufakat (MM), in the frame of nation-state formation. The 17th of August, 1945 construction of the Indonesian nation-state was based on traditional values despite its modelling of the European modern states by way of colonial legacies. This paper argues that, although scholarly attentions to revisit the ideas and practices of MM have developed very vast over the past four decades, the transformation of MM as a state mechanism has been touched in passing. Consequently, there was a discursive gap in the ideas and practices of MM. By analyzing recent studies on MM and by employing a historical method to explore daily newspapers and official documents published between 1900 and 1980s, this paper shows that the collective nature of MM did represent the taming of the political masses that overrode an individual’s sense of citizenship. Given the notion of unity, the making of MM a state ideology promoted the type of citizenship that had to work contingently with the ideological undertones of the ruling regimes. The Gesellschaft nature of the state enforced a unity as an individual’s social duty, whereas the Gemeinschaft nature of MM promoted a unity as a personal initiative, hence an ambivalence. Nevertheless, the dynamics of people’s citizenship in the practice of MM has become qualitatively compelling over time. Keywords: musyawarah mufakat, citizenship, state formation, Indonesia, twentieth century.Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tentang mekanisme pengambilan keputusan di Indonesia, yakni musyawarah-mufakat (MM), dalam rangka pembentukan negara-bangsa. Pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 pembangunan negara-bangsa Indonesia didasarkan pada nilai-nilai tradisional meski mengadaptasi model negara-negara Eropa modern karena warisan kolonial. Tulisan ini berpendapat bahwa meskipun perhatian ilmiah untuk meninjau kembali gagasan dan praktik MM telah berkembang pesat selama empat dekade terakhir, transformasi MM sebagai mesin negara telah disentuh secara sepintas. Dengan menganalisis studi terbaru tentang MM dan menggunakan metode historis untuk mengeksplorasi surat kabar harian dan dokumen resmi yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1900 dan 1980-an, tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa sifat kolektif MM mewakili penjinakan massa politik yang mengesampingkan rasa kewarganegaraan individu. Mengingat gagasan persatuan, menjadikan MM sebagai ideologi negara yang mempromosikan jenis kewarganegaraan yang harus bekerja secara kontinyu dengan nada ideologis rezim yang berkuasa. Sifat Gesellschaft dari persatuan yang dipaksakan oleh negara sebagai tugas sosial individu, sedangkan sifat Gemeinschaft dari MM mempromosikan persatuan sebagai inisiatif pribadi, karenanya menjadi ambivalensi. Namun demikian, dinamika kewarganegaraan dalam praktik MM menjadi menarik secara kualitatif dari waktu ke waktu.Kata kunci: musyawarah mufakat, kewarganegaraan, pembentukan negara, Indonesia, abad ke dua puluh.

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Authoritarian Modernization in Indonesia’s Early Independence Period

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Pakistan’s economy: The Role of International Institutions (2018-2022)

Pakistan’s economy: The Role of International Institutions (2018-2022)

An Introduction to the Special Editions on Indonesian Knowledge Decolonization

An Analysis of The Discursive Gap in the Ideas and Practices of Musyawarah Mufakat in the Indonesian Nation-State Formation, 1900-1980s

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