Expansion of Universities and Academies 94 Indonesianization and Americanization 98 The Rise of the Guided Study 101 The International Aid Protocol 103 Development of Indonesian-American Aid Relations 105 National Planning and Technical Assistance 115 State Planning Bureau-untaa Cooperation 116 Fakultas Ekonomi-Universitas Indonesia (feui) 120 Ford Foundation-mit-cenis 122 The 1956-1960 National Plan and Guided Democracy 125 Foreign Experts and Indonesian Authority 126 Conclusions 130 4 Scientific Administration and the Question of Efficiency 131 Development of Management 132 Problems of Efficiency 134 From Dutch to American Concepts of Management 136 Lichtfeld and Rankin's Visit 140 Effect and Criticism of the Public Administration 141 The Development of Business Management 143 The Caldwell and Timms Report 145 Production of a Managerial Class 148 Public Administration, the Welfare State and Guided Democracy 154 Legal Culture and Democracy 164 Conclusion 167 5 Economic Planning during the Guided Democracy 168 Transition from the bpn 169 Institutional Development during the Guided Democracy 171 Depernas 177 The 1962 Regrouping 183 The Rise of a New Generation 185 Bappenas 192 Structure and Organization 196 Conclusion 198
Javanese nationalism was one of the earliest nationalist thoughts to have arisen in the colony. It later bifurcated into two discourses: a leftist-inspired, revolutionary minded nationalism and a conservative, aristocratic-based Javanese nationalism based on the idea of cultural rejuvenation. Indonesian nationalism was a composite of a variety of nationalist discourses that appeared in the early twentieth century, yet present day nationalist historiography dismisses and camouflaged the influence of the conservative, feudal-minded discourse of Javanese aristocratic nationalists. The paper looks into the thoughts of two aristocratic conservative, Soetatmo Soeriokoesoemo and Noto Soeroto, and highlight the major thoughts within the conservative discourse. It points to the possible conservative origin of some of the components that represent present-day Indonesian nationalism and stress the need to understand further the intertwined and trans-ideological nature of Indonesian nationalism.
Ideology is not dead. Herbert Feith and Lance Castle's classic Indonesian Political Thinking, 1945-1965 was first published in 1970 and delved into Indonesian political thoughts through passages and speeches of various leaders. Their analyses show that there were four dominant ideological positions. Two were imported from the West (democratic socialism and radical nationalism) while two came from below (Islam and Javanese traditionalism). Another major work to be published on Indonesian ideology appeared much later when David Bourchier and Vedi Hadiz published Indonesian Politics and Society in 2003. Bourchier and Hadiz stressed on the shifting nature of Indonesian political thinking. 'Just as Indonesia itself is not a 'natural' entity, there are no 'natural' or permanent factors that divide it. Any discussion of cleavages and streams
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