Attitudes Towards Gender Roles in Cross-Cultural Surveys: Content Validity and Cross-Cultural Measurement Invariance

Constantin, Andreea; Voicu, Mălina

doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0758-8

Cited by 66 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, identifying oneself with a gender does not necessarily imply endorsing its stereotypical roles (Kite et al, 2008;Dean and Tate, 2017). This appears to be especially true for women, whose gender stereotypes tend to be more dynamic in time (Diekman and Eagly, 2000;Koch et al, 2005;Zafra and Garcia-Retamero, 2011;Diekman et al, 2013;Bosak et al, 2017) and across countries (Weinberg et al, 2000;Higgins et al, 2002;Zafra and Garcia-Retamero, 2011;Constantin and Voicu, 2014;Hall and Pichon, 2014).…”

Section: Gender Roles and Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Fantasies and Stereotypical Gender Roles: The Influence of Sexual Orientation, Gender and Social Pressure in a Sample of Italian Young-Adults

et al. 2020

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Differences in gender and sexual orientation are suggested to be linked to differences in the way individuals think and behave. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of gender and sexual orientation on sexual fantasies and gender roles in heterosexual and gay and lesbian people. The sample was composed of 547 participants, 246 men (M age = 28.85; SD = 9,27) and 301 women (M age = 25,97; SD = 7,141). Within this sample, 61.8% of men and 79.4% of women were heterosexual, whereas 38.2% of men and 20.6% of women were gay and lesbian. Participants completed an online battery of questionnaires to assess their sexual orientation, sexual fantasies, and gender roles on three different dimensions. It was hypothesized that the heterosexual group would report more normative sexual fantasies (H1) and that women in general would report androgynous characteristics, which would be linked to a low degree of reported feminine ideal roles and high social pressure to conform to feminine social expectations (H2). The results showed that lesbian women scored slightly higher than heterosexual women on transgressive sexual fantasies and lower on emotionalromantic ones. Moreover, heterosexual women, but not lesbian women, showed a pattern of high social pressure to conform to feminine expectations together with lower scores in the IRQ. We found the same results on gay men but not for heterosexual men. The overall results suggest that sexual fantasies and gender roles are relatively independent concepts and are influenced by different mechanisms.

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Section: Gender Roles and Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Fantasies and Stereotypical Gender Roles: The Influence of Sexual Orientation, Gender and Social Pressure in a Sample of Italian Young-Adults

et al. 2020

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“…The problem of the compatibility of attitudes and behaviors is also aggravated by the difficulty of assessing the former empirically (Davis and Greenstein 2009). Regarding the topic addressed here, several scholars have raised objections concerning the unidimensionality of gender role attitudes (Braun 2008;Constantin and Voicu 2015;Knight and Brinton 2017;Lomazzi 2017) as measured in various international surveys (EVS/WVS, ISSP). The lack of unidimensionality compounds the compatibility problem.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housework division and gender ideology: When do attitudes really matter?

Carriero¹,

Todesco²

2018

DemRes

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BACKGROUNDAttitudes toward gender roles are one of the factors that have received most attention in the literature on housework division. Nevertheless, egalitarian attitudes often do not match egalitarian domestic behaviors. OBJECTIVEThe paper's central hypothesis is that women's ability to assert their egalitarian beliefs is linked to having sufficient personal resources in economic and cultural terms. METHODSWe use the 2013-2014 Italian time-use survey (N = 7,707 couples) and analyze how relative resources and women's education moderate the relationship between gender ideology and housework division. RESULTSConsistent with our hypothesis, for a woman, the effect of gender ideology is strongest when she earns roughly as much or more than her partner and when she holds a college degree. When the woman's income is lower than the man's, the effect of women's gender ideology is quite small. If the woman does not have a degree, her egalitarian attitudes will not translate into her doing less housework. CONCLUSIONSGender ideology matters, but a solid bargaining position is needed in order to put it into practice. Social policies promoting gender equality in education and the labor market can increase women's capacity for translating egalitarian attitudes into actual behavior. CONTRIBUTIONThis paper's original contribution is in analyzing whether and how relative resources and education influence the effect of gender ideology on the division of housework. Carriero & Todesco: Housework division and gender ideology: When do attitudes really matter? 1040 http://www.demographic-research.orgMoreover, our analysis goes beyond most existing studies in its rare combination of behavior measures collected through a reliable time-use diary procedure and information regarding partners' gender ideology.

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“…Gender roles can be defined as all those expectations and beliefs about the appropriate roles for men and women in the private and in the public spheres: "gender attitudes are attitudes that concern gender relations in society […] the term refers to normative beliefs about what gender relations in society should be like, or the extent to which a person supports the norm of gender equality" (Bergh 2006, p. 6, italics in the original). Attitudes toward gender roles are multidimensional, involving power balance in the private and in the public spheres (Constantin and Voicu 2015;Larsen and Long 1988). The former regards attitudes toward gender equality within the household, such as toward an equal division of paid and unpaid work between partners.…”

Section: Dependent Variablementioning

confidence: 99%

The Best Is Yet to Come? Attitudes Toward Gender Roles Among Adolescents in 36 Countries

Sani

Quaranta

2016

Sex Roles

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In the present article, we look at attitudes toward gender roles among young women and men in 36 countries with different levels of societal gender inequality. By applying multilevel models to data from the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2009, the study contributes to our understanding of gender inequality by showing that (a) both young women and young men (in 8th grade; Mage = 14.39 years) display more gender-egalitarian attitudes in countries with higher levels of societal gender equality; (b) young women in all countries have more egalitarian attitudes toward gender roles than young men do, but (c) the gender gap in attitudes is more evident in more egalitarian contexts; and (d) a higher level of maternal education is associated with more gender-egalitarian attitudes among young women. In contrast, no statistically significant association emerges between maternal employment and young men's attitudes. Overall, the findings suggest that adolescents in different contexts are influenced by the dominant societal discourse on gender inequality, which they interiorize and display through their own attitudes toward gender roles. However, the findings also indicate that young women are more responsive to external cues than young men are. This result − coupled with the fact that young men in egalitarian contexts have not adopted gender-egalitarian attitudes to the same extent as young women − is preoccupying, as it suggests a slowdown in the achievement of societal gender equality that is still far from being reached.

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Attitudes Towards Gender Roles in Cross-Cultural Surveys: Content Validity and Cross-Cultural Measurement Invariance

Cited by 66 publications

References 33 publications

Sexual Fantasies and Stereotypical Gender Roles: The Influence of Sexual Orientation, Gender and Social Pressure in a Sample of Italian Young-Adults

Sexual Fantasies and Stereotypical Gender Roles: The Influence of Sexual Orientation, Gender and Social Pressure in a Sample of Italian Young-Adults

Housework division and gender ideology: When do attitudes really matter?

The Best Is Yet to Come? Attitudes Toward Gender Roles Among Adolescents in 36 Countries

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