Attenuation of amphetamine-induced enhancement of learning by adrenal demedullation

Martinez, Joe L.; Vasquez, Beatriz J.; Rigter, Henk; Messing, Rita B.; Jensen, Robert A.; Liang, Keng Chen; McGaugh, James L.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)90077-3

Cited by 80 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This view is further supported by the absence of any consistent effects of the adrenergic drug injections on acquisition performance in the CMIA task. Our findings are also consistent with previous evidence that amphetamine-and 4-OH amphetamine-induced enhancement of memory storage depends on the integrity of the adrenal medulla (13,14). The memory-enhancing effect of epinephrine is mediated via an activation of central noradrenergic mechanisms (9,17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…These results are consistent with the finding that a depletion of peripheral epinephrine by adrenomedullectomy also fails to affect acquisition performance in an IA task (13,33). Systemically administered amphetamine readily enters the brain and may modulate acquisition performance by a direct activation of central dopaminergic (12,34) or noradrenergic systems (12,35).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In rats and mice, amphetamine produces dose-and time-dependent enhancement of memory storage (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). The effects of posttraining injections of amphetamine on memory are attenuated by surgical removal of the adrenal medulla (13), the primary source of circulating epinephrine (18). This finding suggests that the effects of amphetamine on memory storage are due, at least in part, to an influence on the release of catecholamines from peripheral storage sites (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adrenocortical suppression blocks the memory-enhancing effects of amphetamine and epinephrine.

Roozendaal

Carmi

McGaugh

1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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This study examined glucocorticoidadrenergic interactions in modulating acquisition and memory storage for inhibitory avoidance training. Systemically (s.c.) administered amphetamine (1 mg/kg), but not epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) or the peripherally acting amphetamine derivative 4-OH amphetamine (2 mg/kg), given to rats shortly before training facilitated acquisition performance in a continuous multiple-trial inhibitory avoidance (CMIA) It is well established that adrenal hormones are released during training in emotionally motivated tasks (1-3) and influence neurobiological mechanisms underlying regulation of memory storage (4-6). Systemic injections of the adrenomedullary hormone epinephrine produce dose-dependent enhancement of retention performance when given to rats and mice shortly after training in aversive and appetitive learning tasks (7-10).Earlier evidence suggesting that peripheral catecholamines modulate memory storage came from experiments examining the effects of systemic injections of amphetamine. In rats and mice, amphetamine produces dose-and time-dependent enhancement of memory storage (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). The effects of posttraining injections of amphetamine on memory are attenuated by surgical removal of the adrenal medulla (13), the primary source of circulating epinephrine (18). This finding suggests that the effects of amphetamine on memory storage are due, at least in part, to an influence on the release of catecholamines from peripheral storage sites (19). This view is supported by evidence that 4-OH amphetamine, a derivative of amphetamine with a limited capacity to enter the brain (20),The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. also facilitates retention when given immediately after training (12,14,17).Training in aversively motivated learning tasks is also known to stimulate the adrenocortical system, resulting in increased plasma levels of corticosterone (3, 21). There is extensive evidence that glucocorticoids modulate memory consolidation (22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Furthermore, findings of experiments using adrenalectomized (ADX) rats indicate that the level of circulating corticosterone is a major factor in determining the sensitivity of epinephrine in modulating memory storage (27,28), suggesting an interaction between sympathoadrenal and adrenocortical systems in the modulation of memory storage for emotionally influenced tasks.The present experiments examined glucocorticoidadrenergic interactions in the regulation of memory storage in adrenally intact rats. The enhancing effects of systemic injections of amphetamine, 4-OH amphetamine, and epinephrine on memory for inhibitory avoidance training were examined in rats pretreated with a vehicle solution or metyrapone, a drug that inhibits 1 1 3-hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in corticosterone synthesis (29,30 Apparatus and Procedures. Two variants of ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adrenocortical suppression blocks the memory-enhancing effects of amphetamine and epinephrine.

Roozendaal

Carmi

McGaugh

1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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“…The effects of systemic injection of amphetamine and 4-OH amphetamine do not seem to involve peripheral sympathetic neurons, the primary source of peripheral NE, as sympathetic denervation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide induced 24 hours before training does not attenuate the memory-enhancing effects of either drug. In contrast, adrenal demedullation, i.e., elimination of peripheral epinephrine, blocks the effects of both amphetamine and 4-OH amphetamine on memory for active avoidance and IA training [37].…”

Section: Adrenergic Catecholamines and Memory Storagementioning

confidence: 92%

Role of Norepinephrine in Modulating Inhibitory Avoidance Memory Storage: Critical Involvement of the Basolateral Amygdala

Ferry¹,

Quírarte²

2012

The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager

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“…Although the psy· chomotor stimulants have potent effects on the central nervous system, they are powerful peripheral sympathomimetics as well, and these latter influences may have important behavioral consequences. For example, the facilitatory actions of amphetamine on memory consolidation appear to involve effects on peripheral CA systems, especially the adrenal medulla (Martinez, Vasquez, Rigter, Messing, Jensen, Liang, & McGaugh, 1980). …”

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confidence: 99%

Suppression of play fighting by amphetamine does not depend upon peripheral catecholaminergic influences

Beatty

Berry

Costello

1983

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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As reported earlier, d-amphetamine (0.25-1.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent depression of play fighting as indexed by the frequency of pins and the total duration of play fighting. Amphetamine reduced both the frequency of play bouts and the duration of those bouts that occurred. At the highest dose, play fighting was virtually eliminated. In contrast, 4-0H-amphetamine, which crosses the blood-brain barrier less readily than does d-amphetamine, did not depress play fighting at doses from 0.25 to 2 mg/kg. At 4 mg/kg, this drug reduced pinning, total play duration, and the frequency of play bouts, but did not affect bout duration. In a second experiment, the effects of d-amphetamine on play fighting were studied in animals that had been adrenal demedullated, subjected to chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine, or given a combination of both treatments. Amphetamine produced comparable suppression of play fighting regardless of the functional state of the sympathetic nervous system. Apparently, the effects of psychomotor stimulants on play fighting by juvenile rats are mediated by the central actions of these drugs.The psychomotor stimulants d-amphetamine and methylphenidate cause a profound and dose-dependent suppression of play fighting by juvenile rats (Beatty, Dodge, Dodge, White, & Panksepp, 1982). Although the mechanism of this action is unknown, presumably catecholamines (CAs) are involved. In the present experi· ments we evaluated the possible contribution of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system to the effect of amphetamine on play. Although the psy· chomotor stimulants have potent effects on the central nervous system, they are powerful peripheral sympathomimetics as well, and these latter influences may have important behavioral consequences. For example, the facilitatory actions of amphetamine on memory consolidation appear to involve effects on peripheral CA systems, especially the adrenal medulla (Martinez, Vasquez, Rigter, Messing, Jensen, Liang, & McGaugh, 1980). EXPERIMENT 1In this experiment, we compared the effects of d-amphetamine and 4-0H-amphetamine on play fighting. The latter drug has few central effects because it penetrates the blood-brain barrier with difficulty. MethodAnimals. The subjects were 18 male albino rats of a SpragueDawley·derived strain bred by the Holtzman Company, Madison, Wisconsin, and shipped to the laboratory at 21 days of age.This research was supported by NICHD Grant HD·12620 to William W. Beatty. We thank Smith Kline Corporation for donating supplies of Dexedrine and Paredrine used in this research. Our mailing address is: Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105.Except during behavioral testing, they were caged singly in standard laboratory cages in an air-conditioned animal room that was illuminated from 0700-2000 h. They had free access to food and water. Behavioral tests occurred between 1800-2000 h.Apparatus. The test chamber, a 51 x 32 x 47 cm high box, made of plywood painted black and having a ...

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Attenuation of amphetamine-induced enhancement of learning by adrenal demedullation

Cited by 80 publications

References 13 publications

Adrenocortical suppression blocks the memory-enhancing effects of amphetamine and epinephrine.

Adrenocortical suppression blocks the memory-enhancing effects of amphetamine and epinephrine.

Role of Norepinephrine in Modulating Inhibitory Avoidance Memory Storage: Critical Involvement of the Basolateral Amygdala

Suppression of play fighting by amphetamine does not depend upon peripheral catecholaminergic influences

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