Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Symptomatology After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Study

Association of traumatic brain injury in childhood and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based study

“…Babikian and colleagues found that patients with severe TBI exhibited poorer performance in intelligence quotient tests, executive functioning, processing speed, attention maintenance, verbal immediate memory, and delayed memory, whereas patients with mild TBI exhibited no change (12). In addition, several studies have suggested that children with moderate to severe TBI are significantly more likely to develop ADHD symptoms than are those with mild TBI (8,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). A longitudinal birth cohort study reported no association between preschool mild TBI and ADHD after adjusting for potential covariates (18).…”

Motor Skills in Children with ADHD: Comparative Study from the Farmacological Treatment

“…With regard to risk factors, several studies have indicated the existence of risk factors in the explanation of ADHD (Johnston y Pelham, 1986;Burnley, 1993;Milberger et al, 1997;Max et al, 1998). Among the proposed risk factors include: smoking in pregnant women, complications during pregnancy and childbirth, exposure to chemicals and brain injury (Wozniak et al, 1999).…”

Diagnosis and Correction of Cognitive Disorders in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury Sequelae

“…Residual organic disorders after mild TBIs are often considered in the framework of the minimum brain dysfunction caused by functional disturbance of the activating system of reticular formation of anterior parts of the brainstem and subcortical ganglions' nuclei functionally linked therewith [7,14,17,29]. According to the data provided by Russian and foreign researchers, 30% and 60-80% of children, correspondingly, develop post-concussion syndrome in the late TBI period marked by decrease in working capacity, memory defects, headaches, dizziness and sleep disorders [7,14,17,[29][30][31][32]. Some authors point out that one third of the patients who have had a mild TBI have a below the average intelligence quotient, and more than one half of the patients are not capable of returning to work for a year or more, whereas the structure of cognitive disorders is dominated by mild cognitive disturbances, which might be accompanied by school study difficulties: defects of memory and attention, inability to quickly shift from one type of activity to another etc.…”

“…The most persistent cognitive disorders in children with TBI sequelae are memory, attention and planning (control functions) disorders. Memory defects are considered characteristic of the patients who have had TBIs regardless of their age [17,18,32,35]. According to the data provided by foreign scientists, memory disorders are registered in the overwhelming majority of school children after TBIs; the best recovery results are observed within 4 post-traumatic months, less evident -after one year [36,37].…”

“…Comparison of visual and audio-verbal memory of children and adolescents in the late severe TBI period demonstrated that adolescents feature more pronounced and persistent disorders of audio-verbal memory than children, whereas visual memory disorders do not depend on age. According to the authors, the reason is that inferior cortical parts responsible for visual memory largely complete development by 6 years of age, whereas cerebral structures responsible for audio-verbal memory continue developing [32]. Parents and teachers often report memory and attention disorders in the late TBI period in children and adolescents.…”