Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Infection

Cohen, Herman Avner; Gerstein, Maya; Yaniv, Noga; Richenberg, Yael; Jacobson, Eyal; Marton, Shoval; Hoshen, Moshe; Zemer, Vered Shkalim

doi:10.1177/10870547211044217

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…We found that no demographic or clinical factors significantly impacted COVID-19 infection status. COVID-19 positive test status did not differ between treated and untreated ADHD patients whereas this finding did not corroborate with two studies that demonstrated that treated ADHD subjects had a lower risk for COVID-19 than untreated ADHD ( 2 , 28 ). The discrepancy could be explained by the different study populations.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

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COVID-19 infection, vaccine status, and avoidance behaviors in adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveWe aim to examine infection risk and vaccine status of COVID-19 in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and evaluate the impact of demographic, clinical, and COVID-19-related factors on the infection status and behavioral avoidance of COVID-19.MethodsThis cross-sectional study assessed adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder recruited from an outpatient psychiatry clinic. Patients and healthy controls completed a survey on sociodemographic data, COVID-19 infection status, and vaccine status. COVID-19 Disease Perception Scale, COVID-19 Avoidance Attitudes Scale, Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccine Scale, Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-report Screening Scale for DSM-5, Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale Symptoms Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were applied.ResultsNinety patients and 40 healthy controls participated. Patients did not differ from controls in COVID-19 infection and vaccine status, and behavioral avoidance of COVID-19. No demographic and clinical factor significantly affected the COVID-19 infection status. Patients scored higher than controls in the perception of COVID-19 as contagious (p = 0.038), cognitive avoidance of COVID-19 (p = 0.008), and positive attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.024). After adjustment of possible factors, a positive perception of the COVID-19 vaccine and a perception of COVID-19 as dangerous were the two factors significantly affecting behavioral avoidance of COVID-19 [R2 = 0. 17, F(2) = 13.189, p < 0.0001].ConclusionInfection and vaccine status of COVID-19 in patients did not significantly differ from controls. No demographic and clinical factor significantly affected the COVID-19 infection status. Approximately four-fifths of the patients were fully vaccinated as recommended by national and global health organizations. This has increased the knowledge base showing that the COVID-19 vaccine is acceptable and receiving the vaccine is endorsed by ADHD patients. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder itself may provoke no kind of mental disturbance in sense of perception of the danger of this disease. Our findings have increased the knowledge base showing that the COVID-19 vaccine is acceptable and the actual practice of receiving the vaccine is endorsed in this population. Our message for practice would be to take into account not only the core symptoms and the comorbidities of the disorder but also the perception of the disease while exploring its link with COVID-19.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

“…The discrepancy could be explained by the different study populations. The first study included both children and adults and the latter study included only children ( 28 ). Another explanation could be different presentations of ADHD during childhood and adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 infection, vaccine status, and avoidance behaviors in adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study

et al. 2022

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“…ADHD patients, particularly those not treated for ADHD, were more susceptible to COVID-19 infection than those without ADHD and those who received ADHD pharmacotherapy ( Merzon et al, 2021 ). Similar results of increased risk for infection were also reported in untreated pediatric ADHD patients from Israel when compared with medically-treated children ( Cohen et al, 2022 ), and in adult ADHD patients in the US when compared with those without a diagnosed mental disorder (adjusted OR = 5.82, 95% CI [5.46, 6.20], p < .001) ( Wang et al, 2021 ). In a subsequent study (1,870 COVID patients), Merzon et al (2022) reported that ADHD was associated with more severe symptoms of COVID-19 (OR 1.81, 95% CI [1.29, 2.52], p < .05) and referral for hospitalization (OR 1.93, 95% CI [1.06, 3.51], p = .03).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Association Between ADHD and COVID-19 Infection and Clinical Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study From Electronic Medical Records

et al. 2022

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Objective: Though psychiatric illnesses have been associated with increased COVID-19 infection risk, limited information exists about the relationship between ADHD and COVID-19. Methods: Using the TriNetX COVID-19 Research Network, we examined the impact of ADHD diagnosis and treatment on COVID-19 infection rates and outcomes. Results: ADHD patients had greater risk of COVID-19 (risk ratio (RR) 1.11, 95% CI [1.09, 1.12]). Increased risk was higher in females than males, and highest among Asian and Black patients. Within 60 days after COVID-19 diagnosis, ADHD patients had lower rates of hospitalization (RR 0.91, 95% CI [0.86, 0.96]) and mechanical ventilation (RR 0.69, 95% CI [0.58, 0.83]), and a nonsignificant reduced death rate (RR 0.65, 95% CI [0.42, 1.02]). Patients who recently received ADHD medication had higher rates of COVID-19 (RR 1.13; 95% CI [1.10, 1.15]). Conclusion: ADHD poses increased risk for COVID-19, but may reduce risk of severe outcomes. ADHD medications modestly impacted COVID-19 risk.

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“…Untreated subjects with ADHD seem to constitute a risk group for COVID-19 infection with poor outcomes. 15 – 17 In our study, we found that older adolescents with ADHD, aged 16-17 years, were more likely to be vaccinated. The ultra-orthodox Jewish and Arab adolescents in the ADHD group were far less likely to be vaccinated (22.9% and 34.6%, respectively), compared to the adolescents with ADHD in the general population (60.5%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

“… 15 , 16 ADHD was also found to be associated with more severe COVID-19 symptoms and hospitalizations. 17 However, in a US study, recovery rates were found to rise with the prevalence of ADHD 18 suggesting that ADHD may have a protective role against severe COVID-19 symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

COVID-19 vaccine compliance in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Zemer

Hoshen

Gerstein

et al. 2022

Int J Psychiatry Med

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Objective To compare the rate of the administration of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccinations between adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-ADHD subjects. Method A retrospective chart review was performed on all adolescents aged 12–17 years registered at a central district in Israel from January 1st 2021 to October 31st 2021. Results Of the 46,544 subjects included in the study, 8241 (17.7%) were diagnosed with ADHD. Of them, 3% were PCR-COVID-19 positive. Among the patients with ADHD, the older adolescents were more likely to be vaccinated: 48.8% of those aged 12-15 years were vaccinated versus 59.6% of patients aged 16-17 years. The ultra-orthodox Jewish and Arab adolescents in the ADHD group were far less likely to be vaccinated (22.9% and 34.6%, respectively), compared to the adolescents with ADHD in the general population (60.5%). Girls were also somewhat more likely to be vaccinated. Conclusions Adolescents diagnosed with ADHD had a higher COVID-19 vaccination rate compared to their non-ADHD counterparts. The vaccine uptake was lower amongst Arab and ultra-orthodox Jewish populations.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Infection

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

COVID-19 infection, vaccine status, and avoidance behaviors in adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study

COVID-19 infection, vaccine status, and avoidance behaviors in adults with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study

Association Between ADHD and COVID-19 Infection and Clinical Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study From Electronic Medical Records

COVID-19 vaccine compliance in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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