Objective: To postulate that ADHD is a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infection; to evaluate the COVID-19 risk factor on drug-treated ADHD subjects. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on ADHD subjects aged 6 to 18 years in Israel, who had undergone at least one COVID-19 test during the study period. Results: Of the 64,409 subjects included in the study, 6,207 (9.64%) had at least one positive COVID-19 test result, 13,300 (20.65%) were diagnosed with ADHD, and of whom 1,751 (13%) had purchased at least two ADHD medications 3 months prior to COVID-19 testing and were defined as being medically treated. Medically-treated ADHD subjects had a significantly lower likelihood to be infected with COVID-19 than untreated subjects. Conclusion: Untreated ADHD patients seem to constitute a risk group for COVID-19 infection. Drug treatment ameliorates risk of spreading COVID-19 infection within the pediatric population and secondary spread in the general population.

Background: Despite a recent decline in the rates of invasive infections, bacteremia in young children remains a significant challenge. We aimed to describe patient characteristics, microbial etiology, and outcomes of bacteremic, well-appearing children 3–36 months of age who were discharged home from the pediatric emergency department (PED) on their index visit. Methods: A retrospective cohort study in the PED of a tertiary children’s hospital from 1 June 2015 until 30 June 2021. We included all well appearing, immunocompetent infants 3–36 months old evaluated for fever and discharged home from the PED after a blood culture was drawn. We extracted demographic, clinical and laboratory data from the patient’s electronic medical records for the index visit and subsequent encounters. Results: During the study period, 17,114 children evaluated for fever met the inclusion criteria. Seventy-two patients (0.42%) had positive cultures for known pathogens. Thirty-six (50%) were male and 36 (50%) younger than 1 year. The most common isolates were S. pneumonia 26%. (n = 19), K. Kingae 25%. (n = 18) and Salmonella spp. 13.9% (n = 10). Sixty patients (85.7%) were recalled to the ED or had a scheduled appointment, 10 (14.3%) returned spontaneously and two were followed up by phone. The median time between visits was 28.7 hours (IQR 19.1–41.1). One patient was admitted to intensive care during the course of hospitalization. There were no deaths. Conclusion: The rate of undetected true bacteremia in our study was low and our data suggest that significant clinical deterioration during the first 24 hours is rare.

BackgroundPulled elbow is a common pediatric condition, treated by pediatricians and orthopedic surgeons. The diagnosis is clinical, and imaging is only required where an occult fracture is suspected, although overuse is reported. In this study, we explore the epidemiology of pulled elbow in Israel, focusing on the differences in management between physicians of various specialties.MethodsElectronic medical records of the largest health provider in Israel, which provides health services to more than 50% of the population, were reviewed for pulled elbow cases between 2005 and 2020. Patients aged 4.5 months to 7 years were included. Demographic information, the discipline of the treating physician, and acquisition of elbow radiographs were gathered.ResultsA total of 4357 patients, 62.8% girls, were included. The average body mass index was 16.1 (SD, 1.2). Most patients were from communities in the upper half of the socioeconomic status clusters 6 to 10 (64.63%). Most patients were attended by a pediatrician (51.5%), followed by an orthopedic surgeon (19.9%). Radiographs were acquired for 570 children (13.1%). Most radiographs (36.5%) were requested by orthopedic surgeons and for children in the boundary age groups. The patient's socioeconomic status was associated with access to physicians of different subspecialties, and lower income families had a higher tendency to be treated by nonspecialized physician (P < 0.001).ConclusionsOrthopedic surgeons use elbow radiographs much more than pediatricians; effort should aim at reducing the imaging rate for this population.

The Research Section (RS) has guided the Medical Library Association (MLA) specifically, and the field of health sciences librarianship more generally, in the practice of seeking evidence to inform decision making and practice. The best evidence comes from welldesigned research projects. The Section has mentored many health sciences librarians in designing research projects, in conducting research according to the scientific method, and in publishing their results. MLA has adopted a Research Agenda and it relies on the Section to carry out that agenda. Further, the Research Section has played a role over the years in advancing the scholarship of the organization. For example, the MLA has embraced scholarly publishing by setting high standards in its own publication, the Journal of the Medical Library Association. Major articles in the journal are research based, require a structured or academic abstract, and generally consist of objectives, methods, findings, results and conclusions.