Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Abstract

Approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are undergoing a major change as a result of information from studies on the genetics of ADHD and the use of new neuroimaging technologies. Moreover, pharmacogenomics, although still in its infancy, will provide a basis for much more sophisticated treatment strategies for ADHD, particularly once more information is available about the genetics of ADHD. Even at this point in time, there is some pertinent information available that, although not ready for application in clinical settings, nonetheless provides a broader perspective for the clinician. In terms of etiology, ADHD is a neuropsychiatric disorder. There is a genetic basis in about 80% of the cases, involving a number of different genes, and in about 20% of the cases, ADHD is the result of an acquired insult to the brain. Some individuals likely have both genetic and acquired forms. Although medication works well in many cases of ADHD, optimal treatment of ADHD requires integrated medical and behavioral treatment. The family plays a crucial role in the management of children with ADHD. Because there is often a very high degree of comorbidity between ADHD and learning disabilities, teachers also have a great deal to contribute in the day-to-day management of these children. Early recognition and treatment prevent the development of more serious psychopathology in adolescence and adulthood.

A structural MRI study in monozygotic twins concordant or discordant for attention/hyperactivity problems: Evidence for genetic and environmental heterogeneity in the developing brain

“…These reveal conflicting results with the strongest evidence of a relation between the DAT gene and ADHD, with a more complicated picture for DRD4 (Auerbach et al, 2001;Durston et al, 2005). In addition to dopamine, other studies have also implicated genes for regulation of norepinephrine, nicotine, and others, involved in arousal and attentive behavior (for an overview see Voeller, 2004). As promising as the genetic findings have been, it is true that no clear relation between a single gene and the pathophysiology of ADHD has been discovered.…”

Speech Therapy: an Alternative Approach for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment in Early Childhood

“…The phenomenon is related to the phenomenon of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) [4] [5]. Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in children characterized by improper development of attention, hyperactivity, and / or impulsivity, along with extensive functional and pervasive damage [6] [7]. Certainly, these conditionswill greatly affect the academic achievements, welfare, and social interactions of children [8] [9].…”

ADHD in Children and Adolescents: A Good Practice Guidance

“…Many patients with depression may present with transitional inattention, short-term memory problems, irritability and impulsivity (Voeller, 2004). When the depression is associated with problem in the social environment, treatment strategies include individual and family therapy.…”