Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Antibody-Functionalised, PEGylated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Ischemic Stroke Intervention

Abstract

Stroke is one of the major causes of disability and the second major cause of death around the globe. There is a dire need for an ultrasensitive detection tool and an effective and efficient therapeutic system for both detection and treatment of stroke at its infancy stage. Carbon nanotubes are promising nanomaterials for tackling these challenges. The loading of dexamethasone and decoration of PEGylated multiwalled carbon nanotube with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) antibody and fluorescein isothiocyanate for targeting ischemic site in the rat stroke model is presented here. Functionalisation of carbon nanotubes with dexamethasone (DEX), polyethylene glycol (PEG), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and ANP antibody caused a 63-fold increase in the D band intensity as illustrated by Raman. The characteristic band intensity increase was observed at 1636 nm following functionalisation of carbon nanotubes with polyethylene glycol and dexamethasone as confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared. These findings have demonstrated the coupling capability of atrial natriuretic peptide antibody to DEX-PEG-CNTs. The baseline plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels were ranging from 118 to 135.70 pg/mL prior to surgery and from 522.09 to 552.37 following common carotid artery occlusion. A decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide levels to 307.77 was observed when the rats were treated with FITC-DEX-PEG-ANP-CNTs, PEG-CNTs and DEX with a significant drop in the FITC-DEX-PEG-ANP-CNTs treated group. Fluorescence was detected in FITC-DEX-PEG-CNTs and FITC-DEX-PEG-ANP-CNTs treated ischemic stroke rats. The highest fluorescence intensity was reported in plasma (2179) followed by the kidney (1563) and liver (1507). These findings suggest a beneficial role that is played by the FITC-DEX-PEG-ANP-CNTs in the reduction of inflammation in the ischemic stroke induced rats that could induce a successful treatment of ischemic stroke.

Recent Advances in Chemically Engineered Nanostructures Impact on Ischemic Stroke Treatment

“…In addition to regenerative matrices and CNS therapy delivery systems, CNT nanomaterials have the potential to be used in neuronal implants, electrodes, and neuroprosthetics . Before being used to target inflammatory biomarkers in patients with ischemic stroke, this carbon nanotube system needs to be strengthened and further tested for clinical use …”

“…In rat models of stroke, the ischemic sites were targeted with the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) antibody. The purification and functionalization processes were conducted with vertical alignment, which increased loading capacity . Depending on how they affect the nervous system on their own or if they can transport other drugs, carbon nanotubes are likely to be used.…”

“…The purification and functionalization processes were conducted with vertical alignment, which increased loading capacity. 77 Depending on how they affect the nervous system on their own or if they can transport other drugs, carbon nanotubes are likely to be used. Along with the nanotube's own neuroprotective properties in an ischemia model, hydrophobic carbon nanotubes (HPCNTs) impregnated with subventricular zone neural progenitor cells (SVZ NPCs) may be used to repair damaged brain tissue after a stroke, as suggested by in vivo research.…”

“…82 Before being used to target inflammatory biomarkers in patients with ischemic stroke, this carbon nanotube system needs to be strengthened and further tested for clinical use. 77 Graphene Oxide As Delivery Vehicles. Carbon atoms arranged in a single layer, or graphene, have special mechanical, optical, thermal, electronic, and magnetic properties.…”

Broad-Spectrum Theranostics and Biomedical Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials

“…Comparatively, the CNT-2 treatment inhibited cell growth, stimulated reactive oxygen species production, and enhanced MIP-1α expression, ultimately suggesting that the size of the bundles of SWCNTs are linked with pulmonary toxicity [ 59 ]. The development of carbon nanotubes by loading dexamethasone with atrial natriuretic peptide antibodies, fluorescein isothiocyanate and PEGylated multiwalled carbon nanotubesis involved in the reduction of inflammation by targeting and delivering drugs to a stroke rat model at the ischemic site, suggesting that this nanoparticle could help in the successful treatment of ischemic stroke [ 60 ]. In a study, it was reported that MWCNTs together with temozolomide, effectively induced cell lysis in RG2 glioma, suggesting thatalong with the standard treatment and adjuvant therapy, this treatment helps rats with malignant glioma implants [ 61 ].…”