Atomic Layer-Deposited Aluminum Oxide Hinders Iodide Migration and Stabilizes Perovskite Solar Cells

Das, Chittaranjan; Kot, Małgorzata; Hellmann, Tim; Wittich, Carolin; Mankel, Eric; Zimmermann, Iwan; Schmeißer, Dieter; Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja; Jaegermann, Wolfram

doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100112

Cited by 30 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Within the point interval from 0 to 5, the Pb4f 7/2 has a negligible intensity where the I3d 5/2 has certain intensity which might have come from the iodide migration to the metal contact. [ 49 ] The parallel change in the intensity of I and Pb elements shows that the point 5 is the starting point of the perovskite layer on the tapered cross section. Unlike the SDP‐PES, the Pb 0 state is absent on the TCS‐PES suggesting that the sputtering causes the reduction to metallic lead.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Top‐Down Approach to Study Chemical and Electronic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells: Sputtered Depth Profiling Versus Tapered Cross‐Sectional Photoelectron Spectroscopies

et al. 2021

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A study of the chemical and electronic properties of various layers across perovskite solar cell (PSC) stacks is challenging. Depth‐profiling photoemission spectroscopy can be used to study the surface, interface, and bulk properties of different layers in PSCs, which influence the overall performance of these devices. Herein, sputter depth profiling (SDP) and tapered cross‐sectional (TCS) photoelectron spectroscopies (PESs) are used to study highly efficient mixed halide PSCs. It is found that the most used SDP‐PES technique degrades the organic and deforms the inorganic materials during sputtering of the PSCs while the TCS‐PES method is less destructive and can determine the chemical and electronic properties of all layers precisely. The SDP‐PES dissociates the chemical bonding in the spiro‐MeOTAD and perovskite layer and reduces the TiO2, which causes the chemical analysis to be unreliable. The TCS‐PES revealed a band bending only at the spiro‐MeOTAD/perovskite interface of about 0.7 eV. Both the TCS and SDP‐PES show that the perovskite layer is inhomogeneous and has a higher amount of bromine at the perovskite/TiO2 interface.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electronic properties at the interfaces [ 49,50 ] are the factors responsible for the performance of the photovoltaic devices. [ 51,52 ] These factors are intimately related to the changes in the chemistry of the layers at the interfaces, which can be determined with PES.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top‐Down Approach to Study Chemical and Electronic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells: Sputtered Depth Profiling Versus Tapered Cross‐Sectional Photoelectron Spectroscopies

et al. 2021

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“…This is supported by the Mott–Schottky analysis ( Figure S2 ), which showed that ions can easily penetrate the PEDOT:PSS-Cl layer causing doping/dedoping of the polymer [ 37 ]. In contrast, in PEDOT-Al, the insertion of halide ions is restricted [ 81 ], so fewer of these ions can migrate and leave the perovskite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposited PEDOT:PSS-Al2O3 Improves the Steady-State Efficiency of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2021

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The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 between perovskite and the hole transporting material (HTM) PEDOT:PSS has previously been shown to improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells. However, the costs associated with this technique make it unaffordable. In this work, the deposition of an organic–inorganic PEDOT:PSS-Cl-Al2O3 bilayer is performed by a simple electrochemical technique with a final annealing step, and the performance of this material as HTM in inverted perovskite solar cells is studied. It was found that this material (PEDOT:PSS-Al2O3) improves the solar cell performance by the same mechanisms as Al2O3 obtained by ALD: formation of an additional energy barrier, perovskite passivation, and increase in the open-circuit voltage (Voc) due to suppressed recombination. As a result, the incorporation of the electrochemical Al2O3 increased the cell efficiency from 12.1% to 14.3%. Remarkably, this material led to higher steady-state power conversion efficiency, improving a recurring problem in solar cells.

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“…27 A similar behavior was reported by Yu et al 29 Synchrotron XPS analysis was employed by Kot et al, 30 which indicated that the interaction of ALD precursors occurs only at the surface of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 and FA 0.85 MA 0.15 Pb(Br 0.15 I 0.85 ) 3 perovskite (where FA corresponds to the formamidinium cation) during the growth of Al 2 O 3 at room temperature. 23,24 In parallel, they showed that there is covalent bonding at the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /Al 2 O 3 interface. At the same time, they identified a charge balance between the polaronic and excitonic states in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 and Al 2 O 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…So far, Al 2 O 3 is considered the only successful case of direct ALD processing on the perovskite absorber. 12,[23][24][25] A recent work from our group using infrared (IR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the interaction between H 2 O (used as coreactant) and CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3−x Cl x was negligible under the conditions adopted in the ALD recipe. 26 On the contrary, exposure to trimethylaluminum (TMA, used as metal precursor) was found to degrade the perovskite surface, leading to the effusion of methylammonium (MA) cations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The chemistry and energetics of the interface between metal halide perovskite and atomic layer deposited metal oxides

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Todinova

et al. 2020

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films

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Atomic Layer-Deposited Aluminum Oxide Hinders Iodide Migration and Stabilizes Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 30 publications

References 47 publications

Top‐Down Approach to Study Chemical and Electronic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells: Sputtered Depth Profiling Versus Tapered Cross‐Sectional Photoelectron Spectroscopies

Top‐Down Approach to Study Chemical and Electronic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells: Sputtered Depth Profiling Versus Tapered Cross‐Sectional Photoelectron Spectroscopies

Electrodeposited PEDOT:PSS-Al2O3 Improves the Steady-State Efficiency of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

The chemistry and energetics of the interface between metal halide perovskite and atomic layer deposited metal oxides

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