Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP): a novel predictive indicator for the coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women

Abstract

BackgroundDyslipidemia is one of the most important factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a novel indicator involved in dyslipidemia. However, the relation between AIP and CAD in postmenopausal women remains unclear. We hypotheses that AIP is a strong predictive indicator of CAD in postmenopausal women.MethodsA propensity score matching case–control study including 348 postmenopausal CAD cases and 348 controls was conducted in the present study.ResultsCompared with controls, CAD patients had higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (APOB), but lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-1 (APOA-1). The values of nontraditional lipid profiles, including non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C (atherogenic index, AI), TC∗TG∗LDL/HDL-C (lipoprotein combine index, LCI), log(TG/HDL-C) (atherogenic index of plasma, AIP) and APOB/APOA-1 were all significantly higher in the CAD patients. The results of Pearson correlation analyses showed AIP was positively and significantly correlated with TC (r = 0.092, P < 0.001), TG (r = 0.775, P = 0.015), APOB (r = 0.140, P < 0.001), non-HDL-C (r = 0.295, P < 0.001), TC/HDL-C (r = 0.626, P < 0.001), LDL-C/HDL-C (r = 0.469, P < 0.001), AI (r = 0.626, P < 0.001), LCI (r = 0.665, P < 0.001), APOB/APOA-1(r = 0.290, P < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with APOA-1 (r = − 0.278, P < 0.001) and HDL-C (r = − 0.665, P < 0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, AIP was an independent predictor of CAD. After adjusting for the traditional clinical prognostic factors including diabetes and hypertension, we found AIP could be an independent risk factor for CAD (odds ratio [OR], 3.290; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.842–5.877, P < 0.001). After adjusting for multiple clinical factors include diabetes, hypertension, smoking, heart ratio, fasting blood glucose, we found AIP also could a powerful risk factor, OR = 3.619, 95%CI (2.003–6.538), P < 0.001.ConclusionThe present study indicated that AIP might be a strong marker for predicting the risk of CAD in postmenopausal women.

Atherogenic index of plasma is related to arterial stiffness but not to blood pressure in normotensive and never-treated hypertensive subjects

“…AIP reflects the lipoprotein composition in plasma, and it has been postulated as a surrogate marker for small dense LDL particles, and also as a predictor of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk, and even effectiveness of therapy [18][19][20][21]25,27]. AIP was found to be higher in 2936 patients with coronary artery disease versus 2451 controls [25], while AIP has also been suggested as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease [24,25]. An AIP value below 0.11 has been associated with low, values from 0.11 to 0.24 with intermediate, and values exceeding 0.24 with high cardiovascular disease risk [20][21][22]24,57].…”

“…AIP is particularly useful in predicting plasma atherogenicity [18,[20][21][22]. AIP is also a strong marker for the future risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease [18][19][20][21][24][25][26][27], and the routine calculation of AIP in clinical cardiovascular disease risk evaluation would seem warranted.…”

Atherogenic index of plasma predicts cerebrovascular accident occurrence in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis

“…A study by Zhu et al has shown that the mean AIP values in Chinese people with and without obesity were 0.13 and -0.04 [29]. On the other hand, Wu et al identi ed the mean value of AIP in postmenopausal women with CAD and without CAD as 0.20 and 0.10, respectively; furthermore, a study that estimated AIP in subjects undergoing chronic dialysis reported median values of AIP as 0.47 [13,30]. Notably, several studies have been performed to evaluate AIP levels in CIDs, and a study that compared AIP levels in patients with SLE and controls showed that SLE patients had signi cantly higher AIP levels than controls, which is consistent with the result of this study [31].…”

“…Emerging evidences now clearly indicate that patients with CID are prone to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), coronary artery disease (CAD), and thromboembolic diseases [10][11][12]. Notably, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), which is calculated based on serum TG and HDL-cholesterol, is one of the laboratory indices indicating atherogenic status, and this has been used to assess the extent of dyslipidemia and predict the potential of developing CVA and CAD in various medical conditions [13][14][15]. Given that patients with CID are more often affected by CVDs than in healthy subjects and that increase of TG and decrease of HDL-cholesterol is present in those with chronic in ammation, it is possible that AIP is elevated in AAV patients and is associated with CVA and CAD.…”

The LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and 4-year risk of coronary artery disease: a retrospective study

“…In contrast, some studies have shown that HDL-C is negatively correlated with the development of CAD [7]. Compared with this single lipid parameter, comprehensive lipid indexes, such as LDL-C/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C (TC minus HDL-C), non-HLD-C/HDL-C (atherogenic index, AI), and TC*TG*LDL/HDL-C (lipoprotein combine index, LCI), are considered to be better predictors for CAD [8].…”