Transferring knowledge from a teacher neural network pretrained on the same or a similar task to a student neural network can significantly improve the performance of the student neural network. Existing knowledge transfer approaches match the activations or the corresponding handcrafted features of the teacher and the student networks. We propose an information-theoretic framework for knowledge transfer which formulates knowledge transfer as maximizing the mutual information between the teacher and the student networks. We compare our method with existing knowledge transfer methods on both knowledge distillation and transfer learning tasks and show that our method consistently outperforms existing methods. We further demonstrate the strength of our method on knowledge transfer across heterogeneous network architectures by transferring knowledge from a convolutional neural network (CNN) to a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) on CIFAR-10. The resulting MLP significantly outperforms the-state-of-the-art methods and it achieves similar performance to the CNN with a single convolutional layer.

Hepatobiliary phase images obtained after gadoxetic acid-enhanced dynamic MR imaging may improve diagnosis of HCC and assist in surgical planning.

To investigate whether radiomic features at MRI improve survival prediction in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) when they are integrated with clinical and genetic profiles. Materials and Methods: Data in patients with a diagnosis of GBM between December 2009 and January 2017 (217 patients) were retrospectively reviewed up to May 2017 and allocated to training and test sets (3:1 ratio). Radiomic features (n = 796) were extracted from multiparametric MRI. A random survival forest (RSF) model was trained with the radiomic features along with clinical and genetic profiles (O-6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase promoter methylation and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation statuses) to predict overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The RSF models were validated on the test set. The incremental values of radiomic features were evaluated by using the integrated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (iAUC). Results: The 217 patients had a mean age of 57.9 years, and there were 87 female patients (age range, 22-81 years) and 130 male patients (age range, 17-85 years). The median OS and PFS of patients were 352 days (range, 20-1809 days) and 264 days (range, 21-1809 days), respectively. The RSF radiomics models were successfully validated on the test set (iAUC, 0.652 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.524, 0.769] and 0.590 [95% CI: 0.502, 0.689] for OS and PFS, respectively). The addition of a radiomics model to clinical and genetic profiles improved survival prediction when compared with models containing clinical and genetic profiles alone (P = .04 and .03 for OS and PFS, respectively). Conclusion: Radiomic MRI phenotyping can improve survival prediction when integrated with clinical and genetic profiles and thus has potential as a practical imaging biomarker.

Amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MR imaging shows promise as a biomarker of brain tumor status. Currently used APTw MRI pulse sequences and protocols vary substantially among different institutes, and there are no agreed-on standards in the imaging community. Therefore, the results acquired from different research centers are difficult to compare, which hampers uniform clinical application and interpretation. This paper reviews current clinical APTw imaging approaches and provides a rationale for optimized APTw brain tumor imaging at 3 T, including specific recommendations for pulse sequences, acquisition protocols, and data processing methods. We expect that these consensus recommendations will become the first broadly accepted guidelines for APTw imaging of brain tumors on 3 T MRI systems from different vendors. This will allow more medical centers to use the same or comparable APTw MRI techniques for the detection, characterization, and monitoring of brain tumors, enabling multi-center trials in larger patient cohorts and, ultimately, routine clinical use. K E Y W O R D APTw standardization, APT-weighted imaging, brain tumor, CEST imaging How to cite this article: Zhou J, Zaiss M, Knutsson L, et al. Review and consensus recommendations on clinical APT-weighted imaging approaches at 3T: Application to brain tumors.

Clinical outcomes for siu-VBD were favorable in all patients without ischemic symptoms and in most patients with ischemic presentation. None of the siu-VBD caused subarachnoid hemorrhage. Old age and BA involvement were independent predictors of unfavorable outcome in siu-VBD with ischemic presentation.

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Objectives To evaluate the added value of amide proton transfer (APT) imaging to the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) from perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for discriminating between high- and low-grade gliomas. Methods Forty-six consecutive adult patients with diffuse gliomas who underwent preoperative APT imaging, DTI and perfusion MRI were enrolled. APT signals were compared according to the World Health Organization grade. The diagnostic ability and added value of the APT signal to the ADC and rCBV for discriminating between low- and high-grade gliomas were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and integrated discrimination improvement. Results The APT signal increased as the glioma grade increased. The discrimination abilities of the APT, ADC and rCBV values were not significantly different. Using both the APT signal and ADC significantly improved discrimination vs. the ADC alone (area under the ROC curve [AUC], 0.888−0.910; P = 0.007), whereas using both the APT signal and rCBV did not improve discrimination vs. the rCBV alone (AUC, 0.927−0.923; P = 0.222). Conclusions APT imaging may be a useful imaging biomarker that adds value to the ADC for discriminating between low- and high-grade gliomas.

• Machine-learning algorithm radiomics can help to differentiate primary central PCNSL from GBM. • This approach yields a higher diagnostic accuracy than visual analysis by radiologists. • Radiomics can strengthen radiologists' diagnostic decisions whenever conventional MRI sequences are available.