Asynchronous Chirp Slope Keying for Underwater Acoustic Communication

Schott, Dominik Jan; Gabbrielli, Andrea; Xiong, Wenxin; Fischer, Georg; Höflinger, Fabian; Wendeberg, Johannes; Schindelhauer, Christian; Rupitsch, Stefan J.

doi:10.3390/s21093282

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…While fish and sharks have limited sensitivity for frequencies far above 10 kHz [31,62], sea mammals, e.g., dolphins, seals, and whales are highly sensitive to frequencies up to 150 kHz [42,43]. Transmissions from every acoustic modem are assumed to be audible to sea mammals in the vicinity [70].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior work makes contributions at the physical and MAC layers. [70,73,77] have analyzed various modulation techniques. There has also been work on underwater channel estimation for OFDM [56,82], the use of pilot symbols to track channel estimates within a packet [44,76], Doppler estimation [39,49,81] and bit rate adaptation [25,59,67,71,75,78] for underwater sensor networks.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Underwater messaging using mobile devices

Chen

Chan

Gollakota

2022

Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2022 Conference

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Since its inception, underwater digital acoustic communication has required custom hardware that neither has the economies of scale nor is pervasive. We present the first acoustic system that brings underwater messaging capabilities to existing mobile devices like smartphones and smart watches. Our software-only solution leverages audio sensors, i.e., microphones and speakers, ubiquitous in today's devices to enable acoustic underwater communication between mobile devices. To achieve this, we design a communication system that in real-time adapts to differences in frequency responses across mobile devices, changes in multipath and noise levels at different locations and dynamic channel changes due to mobility. We evaluate our system in six different real-world underwater environments with depths of 2-15 m in the presence of boats, ships and people fishing and kayaking. Our results show that our system can in real-time adapt its frequency band and achieve bit rates of 100 bps to 1.8 kbps and a range of 30 m. By using a lower bit rate of 10-20 bps, we can further increase the range to 100 m. As smartphones and watches are increasingly being used in underwater scenarios, our software-based approach has the potential to make underwater messaging capabilities widely available to anyone with a mobile device.Project page with open-source code and data can be found here: https://underwatermessaging.cs.washington.edu/ CCS CONCEPTS• Networks → Mobile networks; • Applied computing → Environmental sciences; • Human-centered computing → Ubiquitous and mobile devices;

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater messaging using mobile devices

Chen

Chan

Gollakota

2022

Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2022 Conference

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“…During the last years, chirp spread spectrum (CSS) was already used in acoustic underwater communication, e. g., for synchronization [41], [42], [47]- [49], data modulation [13], [50], [51] or sweeped carrier frequency [52], [53]. However, FSCM was actually rarely used for acoustic underwater communication.…”

Section: Acoustic Underwater Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doppler Shift and SFO Robust Synchronization for LoRa-Like Acoustic Underwater Communication

Steinmetz,

Renner

2023

IEEE Access

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Frequency shift chirp modulation (FSCM) is the modulation technique utilized by the LoRa physical layer, a widely used and relatively new communication technique for radio low-power wide area networks (LPWANs). In this paper, we adapt and implement FSCM for low-power acoustic underwater communication. Opposed to over-water communication based on the electromagnetic wave, the acoustic wave in water travels much slower. Therefore, acoustic underwater communication is more sensitive to motion-based Doppler shifts. For a resilient acoustic underwater communication Doppler tracking and removal is mandatory. In this paper, we mathematically derive the effect of Doppler shifts to FSCM symbols. Afterwards, we describe a novel algorithm for a low-power receiver to track Doppler shifts without modification of the transmitted packet. Finally, we evaluate and compare our algorithm to another Doppler estimation algorithm from literature and study the effect on the bit error rate (BER). We show, that our algorithm can improve with lightweight additional computational overhead the BER by a factor of more than 10 4 in some cases.

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“…In addition, noncommunication interferers, such as underwater mammals, shipping noises, and sonar devices for mapping or positioning, may coexist in the water [ 8 , 9 ]. They generate uninterpretable acoustic signals, and even the occurrence of these signals is unpredictable [ 10 ]. The randomness of the signals emitted by those interferers can also cause severe interferences among underwater acoustic communication users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Underwater Cooperative Spectrum Sharing Protocol for a Centralized Underwater Cognitive Acoustic Network

Yun

2022

Sensors

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To efficiently utilize nonexclusive underwater acoustic frequencies, we propose an Underwater Cooperative Spectrum Sharing (UCSS) protocol for a centralized underwater cognitive acoustic network that mainly consists of two parts. In the first part, to check the random occurrence of interferers periodically, the time domain is divided into frames that consist of a sensing and a non-sensing sub-frame. Then, we set the ratio of the two sub-frames to enhance the sensing rate via simulations. As a result, there exists the upper limit of the ratio, which can be used for determining the proportion of the sensing time within a frame. The second part is to design two heuristic resource allocation (RA) algorithms. One is a multiround RA (MRRA), where a central entity allocates a data channel (i.e., resource) to a CU each round so that multiple rounds are executed until no CUs need to be allocated or there is a lack of data channels. The other is a single-round RA (SRRA), where a CU is allocated to as many data channels as its QoS within a round. We also specify four rules to determine the allocation order of the CUs: random, fixed, high-QoS-based, and low-channel allocation-rate-based. In this study, we investigate the best RA allocation order pair supporting the highest channel allocation rate and fairness index via extensive simulations. It is shown that the MRRA outperformed the SRRA, regardless of allocation orders at any conditions, and the random and low-channel allocation-rate-based allocation orders with MRRA supported the best performance. In particular, even without the optimization process, the MRRA guarantees more than 95% fairness.

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Asynchronous Chirp Slope Keying for Underwater Acoustic Communication

Cited by 11 publications

References 57 publications

Underwater messaging using mobile devices

Underwater messaging using mobile devices

Doppler Shift and SFO Robust Synchronization for LoRa-Like Acoustic Underwater Communication

An Underwater Cooperative Spectrum Sharing Protocol for a Centralized Underwater Cognitive Acoustic Network

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