“…by embedding fixed charges in the material [28]. Another approach has been to use architected materials comprised of piezoelectric phases [29], where the effective flexoelectric properties of the piezoelectric composites are obtained using homogenization [30,31,32,33,34]. More recently, topology optimization [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42], which has a lengthy and successful history of determining, using inverse homogenization methods [43] the optimal material distribution to maximize a specific property [44,43,45,46], has been applied to increase the apparent flexoelectricity and energy conversion in piezoelectric structures [47,48,49,50].…”