Pollutant emissions can be reduced by replacing coke breeze with biomass fuels in the sintering process. However, with increasing replacement ratio, yield and tumble index of the sinter decrease due to the increase in sintering vertical speed and the decrease in the combustion efficiency. The distribution of the fuel in the granules affects combustion, and the results of the research indicate that with the biomass fuels wrapped in the granules, the burning speed is reduced and the combustion efficiency improved because of the extended time of secondary combustion of CO. Biomass distribution inside the granules has been achieved by pregranulation. When biomass fuel replaced 40% coke breeze, the combustion efficiency increased from 86?92 to 87?90% by pregranulation and the yield and tumble index of the sinter was more competitive than using coke breeze alone. In addition, the emission of NOx is decreased by 30?71% with biomass distribution inside the granules.
Recent work has highlighted how the phenomenon of flexoelectricity can masquerade as piezoelectricity. This notion can not only be exploited to create artificial piezoelectric-like materials without using piezoelectric materials, but may also explain measurement artifacts in dielectrics. In this article, we show that the reverse is also possible and potentially advantageous in certain situations (such as energy harvesting). By constructing a computational homogenization approach predicated on the finite element method, we argue that composites made of piezoelectric phases can conspire to endow the material with a distinct overall flexoelectric-like response even though the native flexoelectricity of the constituent materials is negligible. Full finite element procedures for numerical evaluation of the different effective tensors, including the flexoelectric tensor, are provided. Numerical investigations are conducted, showing variation of the effective flexoelectric properties with respect to local geometry and properties of the composite in piezoelectric-piezoelectric and polymer-piezoelectric composites. We find that the flexoelectric response can be tuned to nearly {five times} higher than the constituents.
The influence of biomass fuel replacing coke breeze on flame front and combustion efficiency were studied. The results show that when coke breeze is replaced, the flame front is accelerated since biomass has superior combustion characteristics. Combustion efficiency is decreased, however, as biomass is of excessively high reactivity, which can both lower the maximum temperature and reduce the time at high temperature of the sinter bed. The proportion of biomass fuel replacing coke breeze should, therefore, not exceed 40%, otherwise, the mineralisation of sinter material is insufficient and the yield and tumbler index of sinter significantly deteriorate. By increasing the size of biomass fuel, sinter indices are improved since the burning velocity of biomass fuel is optimised. When the proportion of biomass fuels is 40%, the emissions of SO 2 and NO can be decreased by 40 and 28% respectively.
This study was carried out to determine the influence of using charcoal as a supplementary fuel on the microstructure and reduction properties of sinter. The primary fuel was coke breeze with 0, 20, 30 and 40% replacement of weight input with charcoal to produce sinter. Experimental results indicate that when the replacement percentage of charcoal to coke breeze increased from 0 to 40%, the porosity and FeO content of sinter also rose. These changes result in an enhancement from 79.8 to 84.3% for the reducibility index due to the increased reducing surface area. In addition, the reduction degradation of sinter also improves since degradation during crystalline transformation is restricted. Therefore, replacing coke breeze with charcoal is able to improve the reducing properties of sinter, which is beneficial to small and large blast furnace operation.
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