Association of Physical Job Demands, Smoking and Alcohol Abuse with Subsequent Premature Mortality: A 9‐year Follow‐up Population‐based Study

Abstract

, smoking, and alcohol abuse, with premature mortality before age 70 (PM-70) among the working or inactive population. The sample included 4,268 subjects aged 15 or more randomly selected in northeastern France. They completed a mailed questionnaire (birth date, sex, weight, height, job, PJD, smoking habit, alcohol abuse (Deta questionnaire)) in 1996 and were followed for mortality until 2004 (9 yr). PJD score was defined by the cumulative number of the following high job demands at work: hammer, vibrating platform, pneumatic tools, other vibrating hand tools, screwdriver, handling objects, awkward posture, tasks at heights, machine tools, pace, working on a production line, standing about and walking. The data were analyzed using the Poisson regression model. Those with PM-70 were 126 (3.81 per 1,000 personyears). The leading causes of death were cancers (46.4% in men, 57.1% in women), cardiovascular diseases (20.2% and 11.9%), suicide (9.5% and 7.1%), respiratory diseases (6.0% and 4.8%), and digestive diseases (2.4% and 4.8%). PJD≥3, smoker, and alcohol abuse had adjusted risk ratios of 1.71 (95% CI 1.02-2.88), 1.76 (1.08-2.88), and 2.07 (1. 31-3.26) respectively for all-cause mortality. Manual workers had a risk ratio of 1.84 (1.00-3.37) compared to the higher socio-economic classes. The men had a twofold higher mortality rate than the women; this difference became non-significant when controlling for job, PJD, smoker and alcohol abuse. For cancer mortality the factors PJD≥3, smoker, and alcohol abuse had adjusted risk ratios of 2

Determinants of premature mortality in a city population: An eight-year observational study concerning subjects aged 18–64

“…With their help it was possible to evaluate the effect of addictions on the rate of premature deaths. The results confirmed a negative effect of smoking nicotine, staying in rooms full of smoke and drinking alcohol -factors previously mentioned in many other research studies [86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94]. It should be stressed that of the addictions analyzed in the study, drinking wine appeared to have a significant and positive effect on premature deaths.…”

Work strain in midlife and 28-year work ability trajectories

“…This in turn may lead older employees to rate their workload as more stressful and threatening than younger employees (39). Furthermore, there is reason to believe that poor quality of working life predicts mortality (7,8,11,12) and disability in old age (25). von Bonsdorff et al Baseline differences in work strain according to work ability in this study may indicate that employees in low-strain work are likely to report better subsequent work ability and that those experiencing high work strain in midlife are likely to report poor work ability in later life.…”

“…Physical and psychological job demands influence our health, wellbeing, and longevity in many ways (1,2). Physical job demands, such as repetitive movements, awkward posture, and pace have been associated with morbidity (3)(4)(5), disability retirement (6), and even mortality (7,8). According to recent Finnish research, a fourth of employees rate their work as physically demanding (9).…”

Relationship of Physical Job Demands to Initiating Smoking among Working People: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study

“…These job demands were found to favour occupational injury, disabilities, and premature death [4][5][6][7] . Key questions include whether these job demands are associated with a higher risk of smoking and of initiating smoking and whether this possible association is mediated by age, gender, and other socioeconomic-related confounders such as low educational level, job category, low income, obesity, living alone, poor health, musculoskeletal disorders, and other diseases.…”

“…Concerning the job demands, the following items were chosen: handling objects, awkward posture, using hammer, machine tools, screwdriver, pneumatic tools, other vibrating hand tools, standing about and walking, working in adverse climate (bad weather), working on a production line, vibrating platform, tasks at height, pace of working, mental workload, and exposure to noise, heat, cold, artificial light, or heat radiation. The question for job demands was "Please indicate the high job demands for your work" (response: yes/no) [4][5][6][7] . With regard to perceived income, subjects were asked whether they considered themselves: comfortable or well off, earning just enough, coping but with difficulties, or getting into debt.…”