Association of iodine‐related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours with urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women with mild iodine deficiency

Abstract

Background: China's universal salt-iodization program has all but eliminated iodine de ciency disorders. Concern has shifted to mild iodine de ciency. Our study examined factors with the potential to predict mild iodine de ciency in pregnant women. Methods: A total of 2 400 pregnant women were enrolled using a multistage, strati ed, random-sampling method. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, a standardized questionnaire, an iodine-related knowledge questionnaire, urine samples, and household cooking salt samples. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) was 148.0 μg/L for all participants, and 155.0 μg/L, 151.0 μg/L, and 139.6 μg/L in the rst, second, and third trimesters, respectively. The third trimester's MUIC was signi cantly lower than that of the rst trimester, and the usage rates of iodized salt and quali ed-iodized salt were 71.5% and 59.4%, respectively. Iodine-related knowledge was signi cantly different between the high and low UIC groups. Participants' MUIC increased signi cantly with increases in iodine-related knowledge. The third trimester was a signi cant risk factor for high UIC, whereas abundant iodine-related knowledge, study the dietary knowledge urgently, and consumption of iodine-rich food within 48 hours of a urine iodine test were signi cant protective factors for high UIC (P<0.05). Conclusions: Iodine levels are adequate among pregnant women in Shanghai during the rst and second trimesters, but insu cient in the third trimester. The use of iodized cooking salt does not determine the iodine status of pregnant women. Abundant iodine-related knowledge is important for pregnant women in the third trimester to maintain adequate urinary iodine.

A Novel Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Premature Delivery Based on the Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women

“…727 pregnant women were enrolled as the test cohort. The regional iodine status of pregnant women in Shanghai is considered adequate during the first trimester [urinary iodine concentration (UIC), 155.0 μg/L] and second trimester (UIC, 151.0 μg/L) ( 23 ).…”

Effects of animal protein intake during pregnancy on autoimmune thyroiditis in pregnant women with mild iodine deficiency

“…24 As a result of the high within-person variability of a single spot urine, WHO has limited the use and interpretation based on single spot urine per participant to the population median of a sufficiently large group (in general, >30). 10 In the present study, the sampling error (95% confidence interval or confidence interval [CI] of median UIC) was considered and calculated using bootstrapping. Pregnant women were divided into 80 units according to the district.…”

“…Even though the iodine nutritional status of the population is adequate, pregnant women have mild iodine deficiency. 10,11 Dietary protein intake is closely related to thyroid function. Thyroxin is composed of amino acid derivatives, 12 and protein depletion decreases the responsiveness of animals to the catabolic functions of the thyroid.…”

Adequate Animal Protein Intake Maintains Normal Thyroid Antibody Levels in Pregnant Women With Mild Iodine Deficiency

“…As the high within-person variability of a single spot urine, the WHO has limited the use and interpretation based on single spot urine per participant to the population median of a su ciently large group (in general, > 30) [8]. In our study, the sampling error (95% con dence interval (CI) of the MUIC) was considered and calculated using bootstrapping.…”

“…Shanghai, which is the largest coastal city in China, has implemented the compulsory universal salt iodization since 1996. Even though the iodine nutritional status of the population is adequate, pregnant women are at risk for mild iodine de ciency [8,9]. A study in endemic zone of a sub-Himalayan region reported that a negative correlation was observed between urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and anti-TPO Ab [10].…”