Association of hypogonadism with vitamin D status: the European Male Ageing Study

Abstract

Objective: Interrelationships between hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis, hypogonadism, vitamin D and seasonality remain poorly defined. We investigated whether HPT axis hormones and hypogonadism are associated with serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in men. Design and methods: Cross-sectional survey of 3369 community-dwelling men aged 40-79 years in eight European centres. Testosterone (T), oestradiol (E 2 ) and dihydrotestosterone were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; LH, FSH, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone by immunoassay. Free T was calculated from total T, SHBG and albumin. Gonadal status was categorised as eugonadal (normal T/LH), secondary (low T, low/normal LH), primary (low T, elevated LH) and compensated (normal T, elevated LH) hypogonadism. Associations of HPT axis hormones with 25(OH)D were examined using linear regression and hypogonadism with vitamin D using multinomial logistic regression. Results: In univariate analyses, free T levels were lower (PZ0.02) and E 2 and LH levels were higher (P!0.05) in men with vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D !50 nmol/l). 25(OH)D was positively associated with total and free T and negatively with E 2 and LH in age-and centre-adjusted linear regressions. After adjusting for health and lifestyle factors, no significant associations were observed between 25(OH)D and individual hormones of the HPT axis. However, vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with compensated (relative risk ratio (RRR)Z1.52, PZ0.03) and secondary hypogonadism (RRRZ1.16, PZ0.05). Seasonal variation was only observed for 25(OH)D (P!0.001). Conclusions: Secondary and compensated hypogonadism were associated with vitamin D deficiency and the clinical significance of this relationship warrants further investigation.

The role of vitamin D supplementation on erectile function

“…[25] When viewed collectively, research suggests a relationship between hypogonadism and low VD. [20,43,44] Regrettably, there are few studies investigating T levels after VD supplementation. In an animal study on diabetic rats, it was demonstrated that treatment with VD for 12 weeks increased the serum level of T in treatment groups.…”

“…In an animal study on diabetic rats, it was demonstrated that treatment with VD for 12 weeks increased the serum level of T in treatment groups. [26] In a clini- Abnormalities in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis [10,15] Bronchial asthma [4,7] Coronary artery disease [14,16] Erectile dysfunction [9,17,18] Heart failure [10,16] Hypertension [9,14] Hypogonadism [19][20][21][22] Impaired vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function [9,16] Increased immune or inflammatory response [23,24] Infertility [25,26] Metabolic syndrome [10,14,27] Osteoporosis [19,28,29] Peripheral vascular disease [15,30] Respiratory diseases [3,4] Wearing sunscreen clothes cal randomized controlled trial, which is the first on this topic in literature, Pilz et al [39] investigated the effect of VD supplementation on androgens in men. The results were significant and the researchers observed that overweight men with VDD had a clinically meaningful increase in serum T levels after VD supplementation for 1 year.…”

Experience of Treatment of Male Hypertension With Obesity, Fasting Hyperglycemia and Deficiency of Vitamin D

“…В России недостаточность витамина D обнаружена у 78-83% населения [1,2]. Результаты по-следних эпидемиологических исследова-ний свидетельствуют о высокой частоте дефицита (недостаточности) витамина D у больных мужчин уроандрологического-профиля [3][4][5][6][7][8]. S. Pitman et al в 2011 году показали, что из 3763 исследуемых паци-ентов мужчин, у 68% имелся сниженный уровень витамина D [9].…”

“…Тюзикова, приблизительно у 50% россий-ских мужчин имеет место недиагностиро-ванная недостаточность витамина D, а у каждого третьего -тяжелый дефицит данного витамина [10]. При этом, наибо-лее часто дефицит витамина D у мужчин выявляется при ожирении, дефиците анд-рогенов, бесплодии и заболеваниях пред-стательной железы [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Получены убе-дительные доказательства, что дефицит витамина D у мужчин достоверно ассо-циируется с гипогонадизмом, ожирением, инсулинорезистентностью и сахарным диабетом 2 типа [11].…”

“…3). Можно полагать, что полученные на-ми и другими исследователями [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] дан-ные изменения величин исследуемых пока-зателей обусловлены следующими эффек-тами витамина D: кардиопротективным, антигипертензивным, антигипергликемиче-ским, липолитическим, снижающим инсу-линорезистентность. В частности, установ-лено, что ликвидация дефицита витамина D благоприятно влияет на эффекты эндоген-ного инсулина, стимулируя экспрессию ге-на инсулинового рецептора и, тем самым, улучшая опосредованный инсулином внут-риклеточный транспорт глюкозы [11].…”