Association between serum cholesterol and bone mineral density

Makovey, Joanna; Chen, Jian Sheng; Hayward, Chris; Williams, Frances; Sambrook, Philip N.

doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.09.020

Cited by 123 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In our clinical studies, we observed that postmenopausal women with hypercholesterolaemia showed increased bone Acta Pharmacologica Sinica npg turnover and lower BMD, which is consistent with the data reported in other clinical studies [2][3][4] . We thus hypothesise that a high cholesterol diet induces or promotes the development of osteoporosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Femurs and 1-4 lumbar vertebrae (LV) were also excised. The whole left femur and lumbar vertebrae (1)(2)(3)(4) were used for further analysis. The bone mineral content and area was measured, and BMD was automatically calculated via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (HOLOGIC, MA, USA).…”

Section: Animals and Experimental Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, both BAP and the N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) are significantly and positively correlated with both serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in women. Postmenopausal women who have never taken hormone replacement therapy (HRT) show significantly higher cholesterol levels and have lower BMD measurements in the lumbar spine than premenopausal women [3] . In a South Korean population-based study of 375 premenopausal and 355 postmenopausal rural women it was shown that levels of serum TC and LDL-C were inversely cor-related with BMD [4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High cholesterol diet increases osteoporosis risk via inhibiting bone formation in rats

Sheng

Tang

et al. 2011

Acta Pharmacol Sin

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Aim: To investigate the effects of high cholesterol diet on the development of osteoporosis and the underlying mechanisms in rats. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into 3 groups: (1) the high cholesterol fed rats were fed a high cholesterol diet containing 77% normal diet food, 3% cholesterol and 20% lard for 3 months; (2) ovariectomised (OVX) rats were bilaterally ovariectomised and fed a standard diet; and (3) the control rats were fed the standard diet. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the rats was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum levels of oestradiol (E2), osteocalcin (BGP) and carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) were measured using ELISA. Gene expression profile was determined with microarray. Mouse osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) were used for in vitro study. Proliferation, differentiation and oxidative stress of the osteoblasts were investigated using MTT, qRT-PCR and biochemical methods. Results: In high cholesterol fed rats, the femur BMD and serum BGP level were significantly reduced, while the CTX level was significantly increased. DNA microarray analysis showed that 2290 genes were down-regulated and 992 genes were up-regulated in this group of rats. Of these genes, 1626 were also down-regulated and 1466 were up-regulated in OVX rats. In total, 370 genes were up-regulated in both groups, and 976 genes were down-regulated. Some of the down-regulated genes were found to code for proteins involved in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling pathways. The up-regulated genes were found to code for IL-6 and Ager with bone-resorption functions. Treatment of MC3T3-E1 cells with cholesterol (12.5-50 μg/mL) inhibited the cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. The treatment also concentration-dependently reduced the expression of BMP2 and Cbfa1, and increased the oxidative injury in MC3T3-E1 cells. Conclusion:The results suggest a close correlation between hypercholesterolaemia and osteoporosis. High cholesterol diet increases the risk of osteoporosis, possible via inhibiting the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Animals and Experimental Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High cholesterol diet increases osteoporosis risk via inhibiting bone formation in rats

Sheng

Tang

et al. 2011

Acta Pharmacol Sin

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“…Inverse relationships 47 between bone mineral density (BMD) and calcified atherosclerotic 48 plaque have been reported in a number of population-based studies of 49 postmenopausal women [1][2][3][4][5]. A number of studies have also focused 50 on the relationship between plasma lipids and BMD [6][7][8].…”

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confidence: 99%

High osteoporotic fracture risk and CVD risk co-exist in postmenopausal women

Makovey

Macara

Chen

et al. 2013

Bone

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32 Results: Women with higher 10 year risk of major osteoporotic had significantly higher cardiovascular risk 33 (4.634% vs 8.36%, p =0.001). In multiple regression analysis, 5-year CVD risk was significantly associated with 34 the 10-year risk of having major osteoporotic (β=0.095, p=0.001) and hip (β =0.055, p=0.001) fracture.35 Women with the highest CVD risk were 5.4 times more likely to have higher risk of major osteoporotic fracture. 36 Conclusions: Fracture risk, determined by using a multiple risk factor algorithm such as FRAX, was positively 37 associated with higher cardiovascular risk determined by using the Framingham Risk Tool. Awareness regarding 38 these concurrent risk factors needs to be raised so that appropriate risk reduction can be implemented. 51Although BMD has shown a strong association with fracture risk, 52 most fractures occur in subjects with T-scores above −2.5, the 53 threshold typically used to define osteoporosis, which means that 54 relying solely on BMD will miss many patients at risk of fracture. Clin-55 ical risk factors are also associated with an increased probability of 64In the present study, we investigated the relationship between 65 bone and cardiovascular pathways by calculating fracture risk using 66 the FRAX [15][16][17][18] tool and comparing it to cardiovascular risk assessed 67 by the Framingham Heart Risk tool [9,10] in a large population of peri 68 and postmenopausal women. 69 Methods 70 Subjects 71Study subjects were female twins over 45 years, recruited as part of 72

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“…We have also previously reported 337 a modest inverse relationship between total serum cholesterol and 338 spine but not hip BMD in perimenopausal women [35], but none of 339 these studies considered the influence of serum UA.…”

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confidence: 99%

Serum uric acid plays a protective role for bone loss in peri- and postmenopausal women: A longitudinal study

Makovey

Macara

Chen

et al. 2013

Bone

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Bone mineral density 23Bone loss 24 Uric acid 25 Body composition 26 Fat mass 27Objective: Oxidative stress has been linked to osteoporosis. Serum uric acid (UA), a strong endogenous anti-28 oxidant, has been associated with higher bone mineral density (BMD), lower bone turnover and lower prev-29 alence of fractures in a large cross-sectional study of men. Whether this relationship is present in women and 30 how UA relates to changes in BMD longitudinally has not been examined.31 Methods: A sample of 356 peri-and postmenopausal women, mean age 60.5 years was studied. Each individ-32 ual had baseline BMD and body composition measurements by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 33 at least one repeat measure, on average 9.7 years later. Annual rate of change in BMD (A%ΔBMD) was calcu-34 lated. UA was measured at each DXA visit. Calciotropic hormones and bone turnover markers were measured 35 at the final visit only.36 Results: Cross-sectional data analyses revealed that women with higher UA levels had significantly higher 37 absolute BMD measures at all skeletal sites. These women also had higher measures of body weight and its 38 components such as lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM). Results of multiple regression analyses showed a 39 positive association between UA and BMD that remained significant even after accounting for possible con-40 founders including LM and FM. Regression analyses of the longitudinal BMD data demonstrated significant 41 associations between serum UA levels and annual rates of change in BMD at all skeletal sites. After adjust-42 ment associations remained significant for lumbar spine, forearm and whole body BMD but not for hip BMD.43 Conclusion: Higher serum UA levels appear to be protective for bone loss in peri-and postmenopausal women 44 and this relationship is not affected by changes in body composition measures.45

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Association between serum cholesterol and bone mineral density

Abstract: Background: Hypercholesterolaemia has been associated with low bone mineral density

Cited by 123 publications

References 40 publications

High cholesterol diet increases osteoporosis risk via inhibiting bone formation in rats

High cholesterol diet increases osteoporosis risk via inhibiting bone formation in rats

High osteoporotic fracture risk and CVD risk co-exist in postmenopausal women

Serum uric acid plays a protective role for bone loss in peri- and postmenopausal women: A longitudinal study

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