Occupational exposure to excess vibration, increased hand force and repetition increase the risk of developing CTS. Workplace strategies to avoid overexposure to these risk factors should be implemented.

Calcium supplementation, particularly with vitamin D, has been an approved public health intervention to reduce fracture risk. Enthusiasm for this intervention has been mitigated by meta-analyses suggesting that calcium supplementation with or without vitamin D increases myocardial infarction (MI) risk; however, concern has been raised over the design of these meta-analyses. We, therefore, undertook a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with placebo or no-treatment control groups to determine if these supplements increase all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk including MI, angina pectoris and acute coronary syndrome, and chronic CHD verified by clinical review, hospital record, or death certificate in elderly women. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched from January 1, 1966, to May 24, 2013, for potentially eligible studies, reference lists were checked, and trial investigators were contacted where additional unpublished data were required. The search yielded 661 potentially eligible reports of which 18 met the inclusion criteria and contributed information on 63,563 participants with 3390 CHD events and 4157 deaths. Two authors extracted the data independently with trial data combined using random-effects meta-analysis to calculate the relative risk (RR). Five trials contributed CHD events with pooled relative RR of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.09; p ¼ 0.51). Seventeen trials contributed all-cause mortality data with pooled RR of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.91-1.02; p ¼ 0.18). Heterogeneity among the trials was low for both primary outcomes (I 2 ¼ 0%). For secondary outcomes, the RR for MI was 1.08 (95% CI, 0.92-1.26; p ¼ 0.32), angina pectoris and acute coronary syndrome 1.09 (95% CI, 0.95-1.24; p ¼ 0.22) and chronic CHD 0.92 (95% CI, 0.73-1.15; p ¼ 0.46). In conclusion, current evidence does not support the hypothesis that calcium supplementation with or without vitamin D increases coronary heart disease or all-cause mortality risk in elderly women.

Bone mineral density 23Bone loss 24 Uric acid 25 Body composition 26 Fat mass 27Objective: Oxidative stress has been linked to osteoporosis. Serum uric acid (UA), a strong endogenous anti-28 oxidant, has been associated with higher bone mineral density (BMD), lower bone turnover and lower prev-29 alence of fractures in a large cross-sectional study of men. Whether this relationship is present in women and 30 how UA relates to changes in BMD longitudinally has not been examined.31 Methods: A sample of 356 peri-and postmenopausal women, mean age 60.5 years was studied. Each individ-32 ual had baseline BMD and body composition measurements by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 33 at least one repeat measure, on average 9.7 years later. Annual rate of change in BMD (A%ΔBMD) was calcu-34 lated. UA was measured at each DXA visit. Calciotropic hormones and bone turnover markers were measured 35 at the final visit only.36 Results: Cross-sectional data analyses revealed that women with higher UA levels had significantly higher 37 absolute BMD measures at all skeletal sites. These women also had higher measures of body weight and its 38 components such as lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM). Results of multiple regression analyses showed a 39 positive association between UA and BMD that remained significant even after accounting for possible con-40 founders including LM and FM. Regression analyses of the longitudinal BMD data demonstrated significant 41 associations between serum UA levels and annual rates of change in BMD at all skeletal sites. After adjust-42 ment associations remained significant for lumbar spine, forearm and whole body BMD but not for hip BMD.43 Conclusion: Higher serum UA levels appear to be protective for bone loss in peri-and postmenopausal women 44 and this relationship is not affected by changes in body composition measures.45