Association between interleukin 6 -174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism and runners' responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) oil: a before-after study

Abstract

Exercise is a double-edged sword: when practiced in moderation, it increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes, but when practiced strenuously it causes oxidative stress and cell damage. In this context, polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL)-6 gene should be investigated better because they can influence performance, at least in exercise that generates oxidative stress and leads to muscular injuries with consequent inflammation. In this work, we investigated the influence of IL-6 –174 G/C polymorphism on tissue damage and inflammation markers, lipid peroxidation, hemogram and lipid profile of runners before and after ingestion of 400 mg of pequi oil in capsules supplied daily for 14 consecutive days. The IL-6 genotypes were associated with significant differences in lipid peroxidation, with the CC mutant having lower values. There were also significant differences among these genotypes in the response to supplementation with pequi oil, exercise-induced damage and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The best protection against damage was observed with the heterozygous genotype. Although the CC genotype showed an increase in CRP levels after supplementation, the lack of a positive correlation between triglycerides and high-sensitivity CRP in this mutant genotype after supplementation indicated a protective effect of pequi. These findings deserve further investigation, particularly with regard to the quantification of circulating IL-6 concentrations.

Nutritional and Supplementation Strategies to Prevent and Attenuate Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: a Brief Review

“…This review outlined a wide assortment of ingredients, functional foods, and dietary supplements that have been shown to affect EIMD-related outcomes, with varying levels of success. In addition to the topics covered in the present review, many emergent nutritional and supplementation strategies have not been fully explored, including black tea-sourced polyphenols [161], blueberries [162], chondroitin sulfate [163], high chlorogenic acid coffee [164], fasting [165], garlic [166], leucine metabolites such as HICA [167], lemon verbena [168], lychee [169], mate tea [170], pequi fruit [171, 172], quercetin [173], saffron [174], selenium [175], sesame [176], spinach [177], and tomato juice [178, 179]. Future research in these nascent areas may shed new light on potential treatment options for EIMD.…”

Antioxidant effect of the pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense) on the hepatic tissue of rats trained by exhaustive swimming exercises

“…Increased oxygen consumption and activation of specific metabolic pathways during or after physical exercise lead to the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). It is known that physical exercising leads to the intense production of RONS arising from the activation of metabolic pathways such as increased mitochondrial activity (Fisher-Wellman and Bloomer, 2009;Miranda-Vilela et al, 2016). These processes lead to high levels of RONS production because of the body's inability to balance its energy demand, causing an imbalance in these pathways and consequent metabolic damage.…”

Cytokine gene variants/expressions and non-syndromic microtia — is there a link?

“…The human IL-6 gene has about 50 variants in its promoter region. [18] A functional -174GC (rs1800795) variant is related to the fundamentally IL-6 transcription rate, which could affect the level of serum IL-6. Compared to -174CC genotype carriers, -174 GG/GC carriers have a higher IL-6 expression.…”