Association between Breakfast Frequency and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study of KNHANES Data, 2014–2016

Abstract

The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing worldwide and one related lifestyle choice is breakfast consumption. This study examined the association between breakfast frequency and the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD). The 10-year risk of ASCVD was defined as the risk of the first event of nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, and nonfatal or fatal stroke within 10 years. Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014–2016 were analyzed, and 7212 participants aged 40–79 years with no history of CVD were included. ASCVD risk was calculated according to the pooled cohort ASCVD equation, and participants with a score >7.5% were considered at high risk of ASCVD. The association between breakfast frequency and high ASCVD risk was confirmed by logistic regression analysis. Participants who never ate breakfast were more likely to be in the high-risk group compared to participants who ate breakfast >5 times per week (OR (adjusted odds ratio) = 1.46; 95% CI (confidence interval) = 1.12–1.89), and the risk was especially higher in female participants and those with a family history of CVD. Our study confirms that breakfast consumption even once per week may prevent CVD.

Meal Frequency and Skipping Breakfast Are Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease

“…In the same manner, the frequencies of lunch and dinner were defined by the question, "How many lunches (dinners) have you had a week in last the year?" The participants were categorized into four groups according to their answers for lunch and dinner, respectively [40,41,43]. Meal frequency was defined as the sum of the frequencies of breakfast, lunch, and dinner.…”

Association between Frequency of Breakfast Consumption and Insulin Resistance Using Triglyceride-Glucose Index: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018)

“…Some evidence suggests that breakfast may have a greater impact on health than lunch or dinner, because skipping breakfast can reduce the 24 h energy expenditure and elevate the level of blood glucose [19,20]. Additionally, many studies have investigated the relationship between skipping breakfast and health status [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Several studies have shown that skipping breakfast is associated with depression [21,29], obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, metabolic diseases [22,23], and CVD [24].…”

“…Additionally, many studies have investigated the relationship between skipping breakfast and health status [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Several studies have shown that skipping breakfast is associated with depression [21,29], obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, metabolic diseases [22,23], and CVD [24]. Breakfast can help people obtain a variety of nutrients, resolve energy imbalances, and help with weight loss and weight management [30].…”

“…Breakfast can help people obtain a variety of nutrients, resolve energy imbalances, and help with weight loss and weight management [30]. It is also associated with a reduced risk of developing a variety of diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia [31], and cardiovascular disease (CVD) [24,32]. Therefore, having breakfast regularly is an important determinant of health promotion.…”

Double Burden of Malnutrition among Freshman University Students: Determinants and Correlates

“…In particular, the risk for women and those with family record of CVD was higher. 30 In another study, skipped breakfast was seen in 33% of participants with MS, but no differences between body weight, dietary quality, nutrient intake and biochemical parameters were found. The research did not support the theory of impacting body weight, nutritional intake or biochemical parameters among MS participants by skipping breakfast.…”