Association between Frequency of Breakfast Consumption and Insulin Resistance Using Triglyceride-Glucose Index: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018)

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is an important chronic disease causing economic and social burden. Insulin resistance is a determinant of diabetes, and regular eating patterns are an important factor in blood sugar control. This study investigated the association between breakfast frequency and the risk of increased insulin resistance in Koreans. Data for 12,856 participants without diabetes in the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Insulin resistance was assessed using the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, while the median TyG index value was used to define higher (≥8.5) vs. lower (<8.5) insulin resistance. Association between breakfast frequency and risk of increased insulin resistance was investigated using multiple logistic regression. Compared with those who had regular breakfast 5–7 times per week, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of individuals who did not eat breakfast were the highest at 1.42 (95% CI = 1.24–1.64, p ≤ 0.0001). Those who had breakfast 1–4 times per week had an odds ratio of 1.17 (95% CI = 1.03–1.32, p = 0.0153). We found that a lower weekly breakfast consumption was associated with a higher risk of insulin resistance in Koreans. Promoting the benefits of breakfast can be an important message to improve the health of the population.

Hepatic-Metabolite-Based Intermittent Fasting Enables a Sustained Reduction in Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

“…Kolb et al [46] reported detrimental consequences of prolonged high insulin concentrations and argues for a lifestyle that limits circadian insulin levels. Skipping breakfast a few times a week was associated with general adiposity and with general and central adiposity, as reported by Wadolowska et al [47], and was also associated with a higher risk of insulin resistance, as data from Joo et al [48] showed. Consuming a three-meal diet with a carbohydrate-rich breakfast allows insulin dose reduction, leading to weight loss and better glycemic control compared with an isocaloric six-meal diet, as reported by Jakubowicz et al [49].…”

“… 47 , and was also associated with a higher risk of insulin resistance, as data from Joo et al. 48 showed. Consuming a three-meal diet with a carbohydrate-rich breakfast allows insulin dose reduction, leading to weight loss and better glycemic control compared with an isocaloric six-meal diet, as reported by Jakubowicz et al.…”

Breakfast Skipping among a Multi-Ethnic Population of Young Men and Relationship with Sociodemographic Determinants and Weight Status

“…Nevertheless, some studies indicate an absence of connection between breakfast skipping and obesity, while others suggested that breakfast skipping could lead to body weight loss [ 22 , 23 ]. Furthermore, breakfast skipping was linked with an elevated risk of many diseases, such as depression, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and some cancers [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Meal-timing patterns and chronic disease prevalence in two representative Austrian studies

“…In terms of exposure assessment, most epidemiological studies have characterized meal-timing through questionnaires and have tended to analyse single meal-timing aspects, e.g. dinner time [10] or breakfast skipping [15][16][17][18][19][20]. However, different meal-timing aspects, such as nighttime fasting interval, interval between the last eating occasion and bed time or breakfast skipping, are interrelated and their effects could overlap.…”