“…The thickness of the white layer was found to have a linear relationship with wheel speed and an inverse relationship with workpiece speed. Madopothula et al 27 studied the effect of grinding mechanisms using an alumina grinding wheel on the formation of white layers in AISI 52100 steel. Further, the grinding power variation was correlated with the metallurgical changes noticed in the ground material.…”
Section: Grinding Challengesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The difference in interplanar spacing (d spacing) is used to determine the residual stress of the material. Figure 9. List of residual stresses measurement techniques. 27 …”
Grinding is a manufacturing process which significantly contributes in producing high precision and durable components required in numerous applications such as aerospace, defence and automobiles. This review article is focused to uncover history, witness the present and predict the future of the grinding process. While going through the literature, it has been observed that minimal work has been done in explaining the history, present status and future scopes of the grinding process. In this era of information and environmental awareness, sustainability aspects have become a primary concern of almost every research field. In the grinding process too, the research work includes ecological elements such as reducing the consumption of cutting fluids through minimum quantity lubrication, utilizing cryogenics, hybrid lubrication and cooling techniques that are still required to be explored critically. Further, some significant findings of the prevailing research in grinding include modification in grinding wheel surface, merging different grinding principles such as usages of the textured grinding wheel, ultrasonic grinding, 3D printing of grinding wheel and artificial intelligence in grinding are also presented. Another unascertained problem is the management of grinding swarf, which is being attended to by recycling it to fabricate composites which is expected to be another prominent domain of research. Further, the advancements taking place exhibit the potential of the grinding process, suggesting that its future is bright and ever-growing.
“…The thickness of the white layer was found to have a linear relationship with wheel speed and an inverse relationship with workpiece speed. Madopothula et al 27 studied the effect of grinding mechanisms using an alumina grinding wheel on the formation of white layers in AISI 52100 steel. Further, the grinding power variation was correlated with the metallurgical changes noticed in the ground material.…”
Section: Grinding Challengesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The difference in interplanar spacing (d spacing) is used to determine the residual stress of the material. Figure 9. List of residual stresses measurement techniques. 27 …”
Grinding is a manufacturing process which significantly contributes in producing high precision and durable components required in numerous applications such as aerospace, defence and automobiles. This review article is focused to uncover history, witness the present and predict the future of the grinding process. While going through the literature, it has been observed that minimal work has been done in explaining the history, present status and future scopes of the grinding process. In this era of information and environmental awareness, sustainability aspects have become a primary concern of almost every research field. In the grinding process too, the research work includes ecological elements such as reducing the consumption of cutting fluids through minimum quantity lubrication, utilizing cryogenics, hybrid lubrication and cooling techniques that are still required to be explored critically. Further, some significant findings of the prevailing research in grinding include modification in grinding wheel surface, merging different grinding principles such as usages of the textured grinding wheel, ultrasonic grinding, 3D printing of grinding wheel and artificial intelligence in grinding are also presented. Another unascertained problem is the management of grinding swarf, which is being attended to by recycling it to fabricate composites which is expected to be another prominent domain of research. Further, the advancements taking place exhibit the potential of the grinding process, suggesting that its future is bright and ever-growing.
“…It has been widely considered that the microhardness and white layer have a greater impact on the machined surface and directly influence the fatigue strength and service life of the final products [4]. The main methods for studying the white layer and microhardness include experimental [5][6][7], finite-element [8][9][10] and analytical models [11,12].…”
The machined-surface integrity plays a critical role in corrosion resistance and fatigue properties of ultra-high-strength steels. This work develops a multiphysics model for predicting the microstructure changes and microhardness of machined AerMet100 steel. The variations of stress, strain and temperature of the machined workpiece are evaluated by constructing a finite-element model of the orthogonal cutting process. Based on the multiphysics fields, the analytical models of phase transformation and dislocation density evolution are built up. The white layer is modeled according to the phase-transformation mechanism and the effects of stress and plastic strain on real phase-transformation temperature are taken into consideration. The microhardness changes are predicted by a model that accounts for both dislocation density and phase-transformation evolution processes. Experimental tests are carried out for model validation. The predicted results of cutting force, white-layer thickness and microhardness are in good agreement with the measured data. Additionally, from the proposed model, the correlation between the machined-surface characteristics and processing parameters is established.
“…Shah et al [ 9 ] investigated the grinding induced phase transformation and residual stresses of AISI 52100 steel. Madopothula et al [ 10 ] studied the effect of rapid quenching on the white layer formation mechanism in grinding of AISI 52100 steel. Hunkel et al [ 11 ] utilized the dilatometer to study the tempering effects of athermal martensite on the strain development behavior during quenching and reheating of 52100 steel.…”
The assembled camshaft has obvious advantages in material optimization and flexible manufacturing. As the most important surface modification technique, the heat treatment process is utilized in this work to promote the desired compressive residual stress on the near-surface of the 100Cr6 steel assembled cam. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation and Koistinen-Marbuger law are integrated into the ABAQUS software via user subroutines to simulate the evolution of diffusional transformation and diffusionless transformation, respectively. The linear mixture law is used for describing the coupled thermomechanical and metallurgical behaviors in the quenching of steel cam. The influences of various quenchants and the probable maximum phase volume fractions on surface residual stress or hardness are analyzed. Results show that a greater amount of martensite volume fraction and a slower martensitic transformation rate are beneficial for the compressive stress retention. Compared with the conventional quenching oil, the fast oil quenched cam surface has higher final compressive stress and hardness.
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