Assessment of heavy metal pollution in Yamuna River, Delhi-NCR, using heavy metal pollution index and GIS

Heavy metal contamination in the complete stretch of Yamuna river: A fuzzy logic approach for comprehensive health risk assessment

“…However, increased Cu values in the water at Agra and Etawah may be linked to the excessive application of fungicides, fertilizers, and pesticides in irrigation, in addition to industrial activities (e.g., leather and paint production). A very higher range was reported by Sehgal et al [ 26 ] (11–595 μg/L), Asim and Rao [ 29 ] (50–120 μg/L) and Bhardwaj et al [ 27 ] (18.4–17642.4 μg/L) in river Yamuna at different sites.…”

“…In another study in river Yamuna along Delhi stretch, Cr concentration of 60.6, 362.7 and 18.1 μg/L was reported in monsson, pre-monsson and post-monsoon season, respectively [ 27 ]. As high as 52 μg/L and 1374 μg/L of Cr was reported in Yamuna river in Delhi by Asim and Rao [ 29 ] and Sehgal et al [ 26 ], respectively.…”

“…Higher mean level of Ni was reported by Bhardwaj et al [ 27 ] in river Yamuna in monsoon (232.4 μg/L), pre-monsoon (851.5 μg/L) and post-monsoon (42.8 μg/L). Asim and Rao [ 29 ] (2021) also reported a mean level as high as 164 μg/L in river Yamuna. Higher levels of Ni was also reported in the Godavari river basin [ 32 ], viz ., Bhatpalli (40.25 μg/L), Kumhari (24.26 μg/L), and Hivra (45.26 μg/L).…”

“…Fe and Zn in the first cluster may have mainly natural origin (S4 Fig) . Cd is separated from other groups indicating a unique source for this metal, and the result is similar to those of PCA. The main anthropogenic sources of various heavy metals in river Yamuna were linked to industrial sources (electroplating, dyeing, paper manufacturing, fertilizer, sugarcane etc) located on the banks of river, agricultural run-off, sewage discharge, agrochemical usage and vehicular sources [26][27][28][29].…”

Effect of pesticide toxicity in aquatic environments: A recent review

“…A review of the existing literature indicates that hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), DDT and endosulfan have been the major pollutants in water column and biota while HCH, DDT, aldrin and dieldrin have been dominant in the sediment phase [7] . Major riverine systems like the Ganges, including tributaries like the river Yamuna have been found to be heavily polluted [25][26] . Pesticides like DDT, endosulfan, endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, and heptachlor have been detected in potable water samples from river Yamuna [27] .…”