Assessment of GIC risk due to geomagnetic sudden commencements and identification of the current systems responsible

Fiori, R. A. D.; Boteler, D. H.; Gillies, D. M.

doi:10.1002/2013sw000967

Cited by 75 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…7 and 8 are shifted 14 min for C03 and 25 min for C05 in order to make the interplanetary shock and the SC coincident). Indeed, southward abrupt reversals have been identified as the cause of prompt electric field penetration (Ohtani et al 2013), which is favoured by high solar wind density/pressure (Lopez et al 2004;Fiori et al 2014). The end of each drop in H (the peak of the spike) is well correlated to a northward IMF turning as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Searching for Carrington-like events and their signatures and triggers

Sáiz

Guerrero

Cid

et al. 2016

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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The Carrington storm in 1859 is considered to be the major geomagnetic disturbance related to solar activity. In a recent paper, Cid et al. (2015) discovered a geomagnetic disturbance case with a profile extraordinarily similar to the disturbance of the Carrington event at Colaba, but at a mid-latitude observatory, leading to a reinterpretation of the 1859 event. Based on those results, this paper performs a deep search for other ''Carrington-like'' events and analyses interplanetary observations leading to the ground disturbances which emerged from the systematic analysis. The results of this study based on two Carrington-like events (1) reinforce the awareness about the possibility of missing hazardous space weather events as the large H-spike recorded at Colaba by using global geomagnetic indices, (2) argue against the role of the ring current as the major current involved in Carrington-like events, leaving field-aligned currents (FACs) as the main current involved and (3) propose abrupt southward reversals of IMF along with high solar wind pressure as the interplanetary trigger of a Carrington-like event.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Searching for Carrington-like events and their signatures and triggers

Sáiz

Guerrero

Cid

et al. 2016

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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“…In a recent analysis, Fiori et al (2014) reported data that support these estimates. Note, however, that Tsurutani and Lakhina (2014) estimated a maximum SC-type dB/dt = 30 nT/s on a 22 s timescale, from a different point of view.…”

Section: Sc-type Transient Gicsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Extreme geomagnetically induced currents

Kataoka

Ngwira

2016

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

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We propose an emergency alert framework for geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), based on the empirically extreme values and theoretical upper limits of the solar wind parameters and of dB/dt, the time derivative of magnetic field variations at ground. We expect this framework to be useful for preparing against extreme events. Our analysis is based on a review of various papers, including those presented during Extreme Space Weather Workshops held in Japan in 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014. Large-amplitude dB/dt values are the major cause of hazards associated with three different types of GICs: (1) slow dB/dt with ring current evolution (RC-type), (2) fast dB/dt associated with auroral electrojet activity (AE-type), and (3) transient dB/dt of sudden commencements (SC-type). We set "caution," "warning," and "emergency" alert levels during the main phase of superstorms with the peak Dst index of less than −300 nT (once per 10 years), −600 nT (once per 60 years), or −900 nT (once per 100 years), respectively. The extreme dB/dt values of the AE-type GICs are 2000, 4000, and 6000 nT/min at caution, warning, and emergency levels, respectively. For the SCtype GICs, a "transient alert" is also proposed for dB/dt values of 40 nT/s at low latitudes and 110 nT/s at high latitudes, especially when the solar energetic particle flux is unusually high.

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“…While the vast majority of GIC studies focus on severe geomagnetic storms, such space weather phenomenon as the SC can also produce very large dB∕ dt at various latitudes, from an auroral region to the geomagnetic equator (Fiori et al 2014). Importantly, the SC events are often the precursors to strong geomagnetic storms.…”

Section: Discussion: a Possible Mechanism Of Ip Shock Impact On The Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example, the destruction of the New Zealand power system transformer reported by Béland and Small (2004) coincided with a SC. Disturbances with dB/dt > 100 nT/min can occur during SC in the auroral region, and the magnitude of the SC-associated dB/dt is not necessarily related to the intensity of the following magnetic storm (Fiori et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomagnetic and ionospheric response to the interplanetary shock on January 24, 2012

Belakhovsky

Pilipenko

Sakharov

et al. 2017

Earth Planets Space

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We have examined multi-instrument observations of the magnetospheric and ionospheric response to the interplanetary shock on January 24, 2012. Apart from various instruments, such as ground and space magnetometers, photometers, and riometers used earlier for a study of possible response to a shock, we have additionally examined variations of the ionospheric total electron content as determined from the global navigation satellite system receivers. Worldwide ground magnetometer arrays detected shock-induced sudden commencement (SC) with preliminary and main impulses throughout the dayside sector. A magnetic field compression was found to propagate through the magnetosphere with velocity less than the local Alfven velocity. Though the preliminary pulse was evident on the ground, its signature was not observed by the THEMIS and GOES satellites in the magnetosphere. The SC was accompanied by a burst of cosmic noise absorption recorded along a latitudinal network of riometers in the morning and evening sectors. The SC also caused an impulsive enhancement of dayside auroral emissions (shock aurora) as observed by the hyperspectral all-sky imager NORUSCA II at Barentsburg and the meridian scanning photometer at Longyearbyen (both at Svalbard). The VHF EISCAT radar (Tromsø, Norway) observed a SC-associated increase in electron density in the lower ionosphere (100-180 km). The system for monitoring geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in power lines at the Kola Peninsula recorded a burst of GIC during the SC. A ≤10% positive pulse of the ionospheric total electron content caused by the SC in the dusk sector was found. On the basis of the multi-instrument information, a validated theory of the magnetosphere-ionosphere response to IP shock may be constructed.

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Assessment of GIC risk due to geomagnetic sudden commencements and identification of the current systems responsible

Cited by 75 publications

References 49 publications

Searching for Carrington-like events and their signatures and triggers

Searching for Carrington-like events and their signatures and triggers

Extreme geomagnetically induced currents

Geomagnetic and ionospheric response to the interplanetary shock on January 24, 2012

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