Assessment of Dietary Intake in Man: a Review of Available Methods

Evidence of high sugar intake, and low fibre and mineral intake, in the gluten‐free diet

“…We collected data using a 5‐day food diary including a weekend (or two nonworking days), whereas previous studies 3–8 used three or 4 days diaries. Levine and Morgan 24 suggest that a week is too short to assess intakes of vitamins, minerals and trace elements. However, Livingstone et al.…”

“…The NDNS-reported intakes are compared with estimated average requirement (EAR), which does We collected data using a 5-day food diary including a weekend (or two nonworking days), whereas previous studies 3-8 used three or 4 days diaries. Levine and Morgan 24 suggest that a week is too short to assess intakes of vitamins, minerals and trace elements. However, Livingstone et al 25 argue that recordings lasting longer than 4 days may not necessarily be superior.…”

Nutritional intake and physical activity in leg ulcer patients

“…For these reasons records are useful in outpatient coimselling for such nutritional problems as low intake or overweight (Whitney et al 1994). The assessment of food habits is connected with biases (Levine & Morgan 1991). One difficulty that could arise in non-weighed assessment is to quantify amounts consumed especially when combinations of photographs of standard portions sizes has to be done.…”

Dietary Requirements in Peritoneal Dialysis

“…The protein intake can be estimated from dietary recall, but a prospective dietary history is not always possible to obtain and its accuracy is highly dependent on patient cooperation and the skill of the dietician (50). On the other hand, the protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance rate (PNA)' can easily be calculated from urea appearance rate (assuming that the patient is in nitrogen balance) (36).…”

“…Furthermore, patients with high energy intakes tend to underestimate their true intake whereas patients with low intakes tend to overestimate their nutritional intake. A recent review concluded that "in order to gain a representative assessment of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intakes, dietary intake should be measured for a minimum of one week in free-living individuals" (50). Thus, it is difficult to monitor dietary energy intake on a regular basis.…”