Assessing the supply for a basic urban service demand-with a focus on water-energy management in Addis Ababa city

Abstract

The demand for water-energy (WE) should be addressed with their sustainable supply in the long-term planning. The total energy demand was estimated to be around 14,000000 and 53,000000 MWh for 2030 and 2050 years respectively. These years’ predicted water demand was 0.4 and 0.7 billion-cubic-meter. Based on the estimated energy and water demand, sustainable supply through WE management were determined. In 2030 and 2050 the water supply-demand balance index is around 1, showed water demand will be met for respective years, whereas the energy supply-balance after the intervention become around 0.9 and 0.7. The study results clearly predicted future WE demand of Addis Ababa city and have been put their quantified supply suggestion.

Complexities of the urban drinking water systems in Ethiopia and possible interventions for sustainability

“…In all the case studies, the results indicate that the percentage of water loss is above the limit value of 25% recommended by the World Bank (Singh et al, 2014 ). This study estimates that the average daily water loss of AA city is 38.5% of the water produced and has an insignificant gap compared to the 38% determined by Kitessa et al ( 2021a ). The study results range from 34.43 to 39.98%, which was estimated by Consultancy Service, NRWR ( 1997 ).…”

“…In scenarios of no intervention/measure/on water demand management, the predicted water demand in 2030 and 2050 will reach 1096 and 3629 MLD, respectively (Fig. 5 a), which is a small gap compared to 1181 and 3285 MLD for the respective year as estimated by (Kitessa et al, 2021a ).…”

“…The high rate of urbanization in Addis Ababa and increased individual water demands have made the city face an increasing rate of water scarcity issues. The total water from surface and groundwater is about 460 million litter per day (MLD) and is distributed to the consumer through pumping and gravity methods (Kitessa et al, 2021a ).

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“…The geometric increase method has been frequently used for highly developing cities and has been applied by recent studies in Ethiopia (Bhagat et al, 2019 ; Kitessa et al, 2021a ). The past water demand for all cities was determined based on per capita per day (PCD) estimated by the Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity (MoWIE) in Ethiopia and population data.…”

“…A few researchers have attempted to assess the issues and challenges of UDWS in specific cities in Ethiopia (i.e., not at the Ethiopian level but in the selected city), but all were focused on specific topics and cities. For instance (Alemu & Dioha, 2020 ; Kitessa et al, 2021a , 2021b ) on water supply and demand in Addis Ababa city; (Getachew et al, 2021 ; Gizachew et al, 2020 ; Yimer & Geberkidan, 2020 ) on water quality/environmental issues; (Bhagat et al, 2019 ; Berhane & Aregaw, 2020 ; Venkata and Sudheer 2018 ) on technical issues related to WDS and non-revenue water, whereas (Debela, 2021 ; Kayaga et al, 2018 ) on institution and governance issues. It may be noticed that only a few studies were carried out to focus on the challenges of UDWS in very few Ethiopian cities (not at the Ethiopian level).…”