Assessing the role of vitamin C and iron in early larvae stages of Solea senegalensis fed enriched Artemia

Enhancement of Live Food Nutritional Status with Essential Nutrients for Improving Aquatic Animal Health: A Review

“…Moreover, the enrichment of rotifers with ascorbyl palmitate improved the assimilation of ascorbic acid when the percentage of ascorbyl palmitate incorporation in the enrichment media increased, thus suggesting that the ascorbic acid levels in Artemia nauplii can be manipulated via bioencapsulation of different ascorbyl palmitate concentrations [ 91 ]. The positive effects of feeding VC-enriched live food were reported on the larvae of milkfish ( C. chanos ) [ 92 ] and climbing perch ( Anabas testudineus ) [ 19 ], Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis ) [ 93 ], and Patagonian red octopus paralarvae ( Enteroctopus megalocyathus ) [ 94 ]. Generally, boosting of ascorbic acid content in zooplankton live food through the algal enrichment technique at a commercial hatchery yielded a lower ascorbic acid concentration than in the laboratory, probably due to differences in the culture conditions [ 91 ].…”

“…Generally, boosting of ascorbic acid content in zooplankton live food through the algal enrichment technique at a commercial hatchery yielded a lower ascorbic acid concentration than in the laboratory, probably due to differences in the culture conditions [ 91 ]. Different species and enrichment procedures resulted in different ascorbic acid levels in zooplankton [ 6 ], but the enrichment of microalgae with VC had been reported to increase the concentration of VC in Artemia [ 93 ], rotifers [ 95 ], and copepods [ 96 ]. However, it is crucial to have prior knowledge on the natural content of vitamins in microalgae before they are subjected to any enrichment procedure.…”

“…High rotifer mineral retention is an important aspect of the commercial hatchery management to ensure the intended mineral quantity is consumed by fish larvae. Moreover, enrichment of microalgae with minerals has been proposed due to the inability of zooplankton to directly absorb and retain minerals from the culture media [ 20 , 93 , 152 ]. Feeding of rotifers with Chlorella is a more effective approach to deliver Zn and Cu due to the ability of Chlorella to absorb and pre-accumulate waterborne Zn and Cu [ 20 , 152 ].…”

“…The enhancement of the Fe content of Artemia through microalgae enrichment has been reported. Enrichment of microalgae Tisochrysis lutea with Fe (10 µg/mL) displayed a high content of Fe at 850 mg/kg DW, which was higher than the copepod Fe levels (85 to 371 mg/kg DW) [ 93 ]. It is important to note that the enrichment of zooplankton with one mineral may disturb the composition of the other minerals [ 20 ].…”

“…The literature suggest that zooplankton can be enriched with minerals by means of food ingestion rather than by immersion in enrichment media to promote better growth and physiological status of fish larvae in hatcheries. The positive effects of mineral enrichment to copepod levels in rotifers and Artemia were demonstrated in the larvae of red sea bream ( Pagrus major ) [ 153 ], Senegalese sole ( S. senegalensis ) [ 93 ], and Chinese Mitten crab ( Eriocheir sinensis ) [ 20 , 154 ].…”