Enhancement of Live Food Nutritional Status with Essential Nutrients for Improving Aquatic Animal Health: A Review

Abstract

At the present time, no artificial larval diet is capable of entirely fulfilling the dietary requirements of several larval fish and crustacean species. Zooplankton live food is the basic foundation of fish larviculture, and successful rearing of fish larvae still heavily depends on an adequate supply of nutritious live food. Despite being important, the production protocols of copepods and cladocerans (Moina) are still underdeveloped in hatcheries. Rotifers and Artemia are the most commonly used live foods. However, these live foods are evidently lacking in crucial nutrient constituents. Hence, through nutrient enrichment, live food with the nutritional profile that meets the requirements of fish larvae can be produced. With the aim to maximize the effectiveness of production to optimize profitability, it is important to evaluate and improve culture techniques for the delivery of micro- and macro-nutrients as feed supplements to larvae in aquaculture systems. Bioencapsulation and enrichment are the evolving techniques in aquaculture that are commonly employed to enhance the nutritional quality of live food by integrating nutrients into them, which subsequently improves the growth, survival, and disease resistance of the consuming hosts. This review aims to highlight some of the approaches and methods used to improve the nutritional quality of live food by modifying their nutrient composition, which could have immense promise in the enhancement of aquatic animal health.

Growth, Immunity, and Transcriptome Response to Dietary Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Activator TWS119 in Penaeus vannamei

“…The results infer that TWS119 is the activator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through targeting GSK3β and further suggests that dietary TWS119 could have a practical, positive impact on P. vannamei. More than 45% of the significantly enriched DEGs were related to metabolism, including carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, the three sources of a body's energy (Samat et al, 2020). Furthermore, the ribosome pathways accounted for the largest number of DEGs and were also the most significantly enriched pathway.…”

Long‐term incorporation of Selenium and Zinc in microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Nannochloropsis oculata and its effects on rotifer

“…The amount of nutrients in rotifers can be increased by direct or indirect enrichment using other micro‐organisms such as microalgae and yeast (Hamre et al, 2008; Hamre et al, 2008; 2016; Nordgreen et al, 2013; Penglase et al, 2013). Live food enrichment is important because of its reproducibility and predictability, so high‐quality live food can be produced on a large scale (Samat et al, 2020).…”

“…Selenium and zinc are essential trace minerals with a beneficial effect on human as well as on aquatic animal health (Monteiro et al, 2011; Nordgreen et al, 2013; Wang et al, 2019). According to Samat et al (2020), the use of selenium‐enriched zooplankton increased the growth, survival and thyroid hormone status of larval fish, whereas using Zn and Mn‐enriched Artemia improved the growth and normal skeletal development in sea bream ( Pagrus major ) larvae (Satoh et al, 2008). These minerals have organic and inorganic forms.…”

The Efficacy of Moina micrura Enriched with Probiotic Bacillus pocheonensis in Enhancing Survival and Disease Resistance of Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Larvae

“…Encapsulating probiotics in live feeds, such as Artemia and rotifers, is gaining popularity, and promising results have been reported [ 17 , 21 , 22 ]. Through this method, probiotics would remain viable and proliferate in zooplankton, thus ensuring effective administration in fish [ 23 , 24 ]. Probiotics could uplift the nutritional profile of zooplankton, and the positive effects of probiotics on fish health have been demonstrated by increasing the growth and survival of the host [ 21 ].…”