Ash gourd peel wax: Extraction, characterization, and application as an edible coat for fruits

Plasticisation of carnauba wax with generally recognised as safe (GRAS) additives

“…where D is the diameter of the circular cross section of the beam, M is the bending moment at the centre, I is the moment of inertia of the circular cross section, F is the load applied on the beam at the centre, L is the distance between the two constraining points. The flexural strain was obtained from: (4) where F is load, E is the Young's modulus, R is the radius of the spherical indenter, v is the Poisson's ratio of the material tested and δ is the indentation depth. However the precise Poisson's ratio for various mixtures nonetheless is unknown and therefore a value of 0.5 was assumed.…”

“…One of its many useful applications is in dentistry, where carnauba wax can be used as an inlay casting composition and subsequently replaced by metal during casting. [1][2][3] However, it is brittle in the native state at room temperature and is the hardest naturally occurring commercial wax [4], which is a disadvantage for inlay casting of dentures that ideally requires sufficient plasticity so that they can be readily trimmed without tearing, chipping or flaking. [5,6] Moreover, these characteristics are determined at room temperature since they dictate the ease with which trimming can be performed in a laboratory environment.…”

Physical and structural characterisation of zein and chitosan edible films using nanotechnology tools

“…Examining the interactions among the different film components (carbohydrates and protein) and their microstructures allows us to obtain a better idea of film applications. New tools in nanotechnology, such as nanoindentation, atomic force microscopy [10], and ellipsometry [11], as well as traditional techniques, such as X-ray diffraction [12], scanning electron microscopy [13], texture [14] and colour analysis [15], are among the methods used to characterise edible films. The aim of this work was to characterise edible films made from chitosan, zein and their mixtures by applying new technologies, such as ellipsometry, nanoindentation, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and classical film analyses (X-ray diffraction analysis, water vapour permeability) to explore how these properties change as a result of protein addition.…”

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Hexane Extraction of Wax from Apple Peel Pomace: Content, Composition and Thermal Properties

“…Abundant research was devoted to characterization and application of apple pomace and a variety of raw materials used to extract wax had been studied, such as raw wool (28), wheat straw (22), tomato fruit (15), clytostoma callistegioides (29), and ash gourd peel (30). However, to the best of our knowledge, little work has been done on the extraction of wax from apple peel pomace.…”