Artificial Cells: Toward Artificial Cells: Novel Advances in Energy Conversion and Cellular Motility (Adv. Funct. Mater. 11/2020)

Jeong, Sungwoo; Nguyen, Huong Thanh; Kim, Chang Ho; Mai, Linh; Shin, Kwanwoo

doi:10.1002/adfm.202070072

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Single specific functions have been presented by combining enzymes (the catalytic compounds) with synthetic supramolecular assemblies, either intrinsically semipermeable, such as lipid‐coated porous silica particles, [ 11 ] protein cages, [ 12 ] layer‐by‐layer capsules, [ 13–15 ] and polydopamine capsules, [ 16,17 ] or rendered permeable by the insertion of biopores/membrane proteins (acting as ”gates” for the passage of molecules), as in lipid‐based [ 7,18,19 ] or polymer‐based [ 8,20–22 ] giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Combinatorial Strategy for Studying Biochemical Pathways in Double Emulsion Templated Cell‐Sized Compartments

et al. 2020

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optimize these pathways and thus to guarantee their maximum chance of survival, cells produce enzymes at precise and constant rates. [4] However, because of cellular complexity, determination of optimal enzyme levels is still unclear, in particular because specific enzymatic functions are strongly interconnected with their cascade effects. [5] A smart manner to study the behavior of enzymes, when involved in complex reactions, consists of taking advantage of synthetic micrometer-sized compartments shaped into spherical architectural bodies. [6-8] Though these idealized models favor even partitioning of membrane proteins and simplify diffusion gradients, similarly to cells, they provide the desired membrane selectivity and permeability. [9,10] Single specific functions have been presented by combining enzymes (the catalytic compounds) with synthetic supramolecular assemblies, either intrinsically semipermeable, such as lipid-coated porous silica particles, [11] protein cages, [12] layer-by-layer capsules, [13-15] and polydopamine capsules, [16,17] or rendered permeable by the insertion of biopores/membrane proteins (acting as "gates" for the passage of molecules), as in lipid-based [7,18,19] or polymer-based [8,20-22] giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). At present, GUVs formed with amphiphilic block copolymers are particularly appealing because they provide enhanced structural membrane properties compared to lipids, since they possess compartments with higher chemical versatility, controlled permeability, robustness, and stability. [23] Nevertheless, common approaches to form polymer GUVs by self-assembly, as electroformation [24] and film-rehydration, [25] rely on the statistical process of encapsulation of biomolecules with a probability of finding the designed amount of one type of enzyme inside the compartments ranging from 12-57%. In the context of elementary biochemical pathways where at least two enzymes are present, this scenario is even more unsatisfactory, with co-encapsulation of two enzymes inside one compartment as low as 10-22%. [26,27] These shortcomings are worsened by the fact that these probabilities have a large uncertainty induced by specific properties of enzymes (e.g., solubility and stability). To date, scientists have struggled to work with stateof-the-art average values for number/mass of enzymes that are vastly non-representative (limited by a small sample size) Cells rely upon producing enzymes at precise rates and stoichiometry for maximizing functionalities. The reasons for this optimal control are unknown, primarily because of the interconnectivity of the enzymatic cascade effects within multi-step pathways. Here, an elegant strategy for studying such behavior, by controlling segregation/combination of enzymes/ metabolites in synthetic cell-sized compartments, while preserving vital cellular elements is presented. Therefore, compartments shaped into polymer GUVs are developed, producing via high-precision double-emulsion microfluidics that enable: i) tight control over the absolute and...

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Combinatorial Strategy for Studying Biochemical Pathways in Double Emulsion Templated Cell‐Sized Compartments

et al. 2020

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“…These organelles are highly compartmentalized, providing excellent spatial and temporal control to different enzymes to ensure optimized biocatalytic reactions. Accordingly, significant research has been oriented towards creating synthetic cell‐like systems, or artificial cells, which is regarded as one of the most effective toolbox for exploring the beginning of life and shows great potential towards innovative biomedical applications . To find a suitable cell‐mimicking matrix to host multi‐enzyme reactions while providing adequate stability, very recently, we proposed an ultrastable, multifunctional artificial cell system, where synthetic organelles (multi‐enzyme‐containing MOFs) were enclosed in metal‐phenolic network (MPN) membranes .…”

Section: Cutting‐edge Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐enzyme Cascade Reactions in Metal‐organic Frameworks

Liang

2020

The Chemical Record

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Multi-enzyme cascade reactions are indispensable in biotechnology and many industrial (bio)chemical processes. However, most natural enzymes have poor stability and reusability, and tend to inactivate in toxic media or high temperature, which significantly limit their broader applications. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising candidates for enzymes immobilization to produce nanocomposite structures that not only could shield the enzymes from harsh environments, but also facilitate selective diffusion of substrates and intermediates to the reactive site via their tailorable and ordered pore network. Multi-enzyme cascade reactions in MOFs have recently attracted considerable attention. This Personal Account discusses the different strategies for multi-enzyme-MOF interfaces and their cutting-edge applications from biosensing and catalytic nanomedicine to artificial/hybrid cells. At last, we provide a critical evaluation and future prospects to outline future research directions.

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“…Researchers in the field of bottom‐up synthetic biology have focused their attention on solving specific engineering problems, such as compartmentalization, energy supply, metabolism, gene replication, and biosynthesis [2b, 6] . A feature of current research in the field is the focus on developing robust and versatile functional modules that can be combined to create synthetic cells with desired properties (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Cells: From Simple Bio‐Inspired Modules to Sophisticated Integrated Systems

et al. 2022

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Bottom‐up synthetic biology is the science of building systems that mimic the structure and function of living cells from scratch. To do this, researchers combine tools from chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry to develop functional and structural building blocks to construct synthetic cell‐like systems. The many strategies and materials that have been developed in recent decades have enabled scientists to engineer synthetic cells and organelles that mimic the essential functions and behaviors of natural cells. Examples include synthetic cells that can synthesize their own ATP using light, maintain metabolic reactions through enzymatic networks, perform gene replication, and even grow and divide. In this Review, we discuss recent developments in the design and construction of synthetic cells and organelles using the bottom‐up approach. Our goal is to present representative synthetic cells of increasing complexity as well as strategies for solving distinct challenges in bottom‐up synthetic biology.

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Artificial Cells: Toward Artificial Cells: Novel Advances in Energy Conversion and Cellular Motility (Adv. Funct. Mater. 11/2020)

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Combinatorial Strategy for Studying Biochemical Pathways in Double Emulsion Templated Cell‐Sized Compartments

Combinatorial Strategy for Studying Biochemical Pathways in Double Emulsion Templated Cell‐Sized Compartments

Multi‐enzyme Cascade Reactions in Metal‐organic Frameworks

Synthetic Cells: From Simple Bio‐Inspired Modules to Sophisticated Integrated Systems

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