Arteriovenous Malformations: Diagnosis and Endovascular Treatment

High Resolution CT Angiography in Detection of an Aneurysm of the Vein of Galen as a Source of Intracranial Haemorrhage in a Newborn

“…Batista et al subdivided 6 VGAM into two different types: the choroidal and the mural. Choroidal VGAM are more common and associated with heart failure due to multiple shunts before and after iv contrast injection of 6 ml at 0.4 ml/s in arterial and venous phase.…”

“…vessels arising from the choroidal, pericallosal and thalamoperforator arteries. This condition is encountered in most neonates with poor clinical scores, due to the severe congestive cardiac failure which usually is determined in the neonatal period 6 .…”

“…A prompt diagnosis and intervention is, in any case, mandatory in trying to improve clinical outcome [1][2][3][4][5] . Sixty-four row multidetector CT (MDCT) has dramatically improved the CT scan speed and diagnostic performance in vascular emergency [6][7] . MDCT with high resolution angiography assesses the vascular anatomy and eventual anomaly using different reconstruction techniques.…”

Malformations of the Fetal Dural Sinuses

“…Two large series of 19 and 30 patients have documented poor outcomes: 26-37% died, 3-26% had poor neurological outcome, 30-37% had mild neurological deficit and only 7-10% had no neurological deficit. 1,3 The more favorable DSM cases, however, had DSM away from the confluens sinuum 1,21 and postnatally diagnosed midline DSM had a very poor outcome. Other poor prognostic indicators include large size of pouch and postnatal thrombosis of the pouch: spontaneous thrombosis can compromise the venous drainage of the brain with subsequent venous infarction and intraparenchymal hemorrhage.…”

“…Other poor prognostic indicators include large size of pouch and postnatal thrombosis of the pouch: spontaneous thrombosis can compromise the venous drainage of the brain with subsequent venous infarction and intraparenchymal hemorrhage. 3,21 Postnatally, DSM and its associated AVF can cause complications including cardiac failure, macrocrania, venous thrombosis and cerebral atrophy. 10 However, antenatal thrombosis is not invariably associated with poor prognosis, and in one series seven of ten cases diagnosed in utero had a good neurological outcome: 13 complete regression of the malformation with normal infantile neurological function has been described in several cases.…”