Are counter-terrorism strategies effective? The results of the Campbell systematic review on counter-terrorism evaluation research

Lum, Cynthia; Kennedy, Leslie W.; Sherley, Alison J.

doi:10.1007/s11292-006-9020-y

Cited by 186 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This has severely limited the ability of policy-makers to develop and implement effective prevention and intervention strategies (Lum et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male Youth Perceptions of Violent Extremism: towards a Test of Rational Choice Theory

Dhami¹,

Murray

2016

Span. J. Psychol.

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University, for her assistance in acting as an external coder, blind to the aims of the study. Male Youth Perceptions of 2 AbstractUnderstanding how people perceive the pros and cons of risky behaviors such as terrorism or violent extremism represents a first step in developing research testing rational choice theory aiming to explain and predict peoples' intentions to engage in, or support, these behaviors.Accordingly, the present study provides a qualitative, exploratory analysis of a sample of 57 male youths' perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of: (a) accessing a violent extremist website, (b) joining a violent extremist group, and (c) leaving such a group. Youth perceived significantly more drawbacks than benefits of joining a violent extremist group (p = . In the present paper we suggest that understanding how people perceive the pros and cons of violent extremism represents a first step in developing theoretically-guided research that aims to explain and predict peoples' intentions and decisions to support and (dis)engage in violent extremism. The research reported in the present paper takes this first step by providing a qualitative, exploratory analysis of male youth's perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of specific behaviors associated with violent extremism. Before describing our approach, we briefly outline the theoretical perspective that our exploratory work can contribute to, and review relevant past research. We also discuss the methodological challenges that we (and other researchers) have faced. "virtually none of them has been tested in a systematic way." This is partly because they are not always amenable to testing due to a lack of precision or specification. In addition, not all theories have clear implications for counter-terrorism policy. The present study was not designed to test a specific theory. Rather, it was designed to provide exploratory data that might lead to future tests of a rational choice approach to violent extremism.Rational choice theories employed in psychological and criminological research draw in an approximate manner on the expected utility model in Economics (e.g., Gruber, 2001); extending its focus on subjective expected utility. According to this theory, a rational decision-maker (in this case a violent extremist) would decide whether or not to engage in violent extremism by assessing the subjective importance of the possible benefits and drawbacks of engaging in the behavior, in addition to assessing the subjective probabilities of these possible outcomes. The expected utility of the behavior would be determined by the probability-weighted difference between the benefits and drawbacks. The more that the weighted difference favors the benefits, the more likely the decision-maker is to engage in the relevant behavior.2 Thus, rational choice theory can help researchers to understand the cognitive process by which an individual makes the above risk assessments and then acts on them. In fact, researchers can test more or less 'rational' models (e.g., Dhami...

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“…This has severely limited the ability of policy-makers to develop and implement effective prevention and intervention strategies (Lum et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male Youth Perceptions of Violent Extremism: towards a Test of Rational Choice Theory

Dhami¹,

Murray

2016

Span. J. Psychol.

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“…Numerous studies have already found that metal detectors and screening at airports can reduce the occurrence of airplane hijacking ( Landes, 1978 ;Cauley and Im, 1988 ;Enders et al , 1990 ;Sandler, 1993, 2000 ; see also Lum et al , 2006 ). This is not surprising, given that the prevention mechanism behind metal detectors is theoretically well-developed and empirically supported.…”

Section: The Procedural Fairness Of Airport Security Screeningmentioning

confidence: 94%

Discretion and fairness in airport security screening

Lum

Crafton

Parsons

et al. 2013

Secur J

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This study reports the fi ndings of a fi eld survey asking more than 500 passengers at a large East Coast international airport about their experiences while going through airport security. Although existing research shows that metal detectors and baggage screening can be effective in reducing the likelihood of violence at airports and on planes, the fairness of such procedures has yet to be fully examined. While all passengers must be screened, there can also be discretion in airport security regarding whether passengers receive additional screening and how they perceive they are being treated. Findings indicate differences between racial groups and treatment, with nonwhites more likely to receive additional screening, have more items confi scated, feel embarrassed, and less likely to be provided an explanation for searches. Policy recommendations are suggested.

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“…Large quantities have been directed for the creation of government agencies like the Deparment of Homeland Security (DHS), the restructuring of the Department of Defense with the conformation of the Northern Command (Northcom which is in charge of the territory defense of countries like the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and part of the Caribbean), and the reordering of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) [12]; also for improving airport and border security, increasing research on response to biological or chemical agents, creating new laws, improving medical response for emergencies, providing help to other countries [13], and creating programs to reduce terrorism by strengthening potential objectives (e.g. reinforcing airport security control, placing barricades around buildings, or improving security for diplomats [14]).…”

Section: Literary Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Methodology Used for the Determination of Security Levels in the Port of Manta, Equator

Párraga¹,

Cancelas²,

Flores³

2015

Inge cuc

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Abstract-This research aims to develop a methodology to evaluate the security of Manta Port progressively achieving secondary objectives that culminate in the creation of a risk matrix. A simple quantitative and qualitative methodology is used; it determines the combination of risk with the damage that could be caused, along with the estimated probability of an incident, thus, leading to a risk assessment. As a final result, a risk matrix for the Port of Manta was developed, which is the final chapter in the development of the suggested methodology; besides, it presents a clear and true picture of risk assessment so as to determine security levels and develop a method feasible to be implemented in any port of the world.Keywords-Ports, Security, Risks, Protection Measure, Vulnerability, ISPS, SOLAS Resumen-Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar una metodología de evaluación de la seguridad portuaria de Manta, alcanzando progresivamente objetivos secundarios que culminan con la creación de una matriz de riesgos. Se emplea una metodología sencilla, tanto cuantitativa como cualitativa, que determina la combinación del riesgo con el daño que se podría causar, junto con la probabilidad estimada de que ocurra un incidente, dando así lugar a una valoración del riesgo. Como resultado final se elaboró una matriz de riesgos del Puerto de Manta, siendo el acápite final del desarrollo de la metodología propuesta, además de que presenta un panorama claro y real de la evaluación de riesgos que permite determinar los niveles de seguridad; asimismo, desarrolla una metodología que puede ser implementada en cualquier puerto del mundo.

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Are counter-terrorism strategies effective? The results of the Campbell systematic review on counter-terrorism evaluation research

Cited by 186 publications

References 29 publications

Male Youth Perceptions of Violent Extremism: towards a Test of Rational Choice Theory

Male Youth Perceptions of Violent Extremism: towards a Test of Rational Choice Theory

Discretion and fairness in airport security screening

Analysis of the Methodology Used for the Determination of Security Levels in the Port of Manta, Equator

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