ARCHONS: a highly multiplexed superconducting optical to near-IR camera

Mazin, Benjamin A.; O’Brien, Kieran; McHugh, S.; Bumble, B.; Moore, David C.; Golwala, S. R.; Žmuidzinas, J.

doi:10.1117/12.856440

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…The simplicity of these devices has led to the demonstration of prototype arrays suitable for submillimeter astronomy. 16 Similar devices have been developed for optical astronomy 17 and dark matter detection experiments. 18,19 Because the pixel size is comparable to the far-infrared wavelength, the details of the resonator geometry do not strongly affect the absorption of radiation.…”

Section: Fig 1 Measurement Setup (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Operation of a titanium nitride superconducting microresonator detector in the nonlinear regime

Swenson

Day

Eom

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Physics

102

125

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If driven sufficiently strongly, superconducting microresonators exhibit nonlinear behavior including response bifurcation. This behavior can arise from a variety of physical mechanisms including heating effects, grain boundaries or weak links, vortex penetration, or through the intrinsic nonlinearity of the kinetic inductance. Although microresonators used for photon detection are usually driven fairly hard in order to optimize their sensitivity, most experiments to date have not explored detector performance beyond the onset of bifurcation. Here, we present measurements of a lumped-element superconducting microresonator designed for use as a farinfrared detector and operated deep into the nonlinear regime. The 1 GHz resonator was fabricated from a 22 nm thick titanium nitride film with a critical temperature of 2 K and a normal-state resistivity of 100 lX cm. We measured the response of the device when illuminated with 6.4 pW optical loading using microwave readout powers that ranged from the low-power, linear regime to 18 dB beyond the onset of bifurcation. Over this entire range, the nonlinear behavior is well described by a nonlinear kinetic inductance. The best noise-equivalent power of 2 Â 10 À16 W=Hz 1=2 at 10 Hz was measured at the highest readout power, and represents a $10 fold improvement compared with operating below the onset of bifurcation. V C 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx

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Section: Fig 1 Measurement Setup (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Operation of a titanium nitride superconducting microresonator detector in the nonlinear regime

Swenson

Day

Eom

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Physics

102

125

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“…They can be read out simultaneously using a comb of frequencies generated and measured using digital techniques [6,7]. MKID arrays are being developed for astronomy at a wide range of wavelengths from millimeter waves to X-rays [7,8,9,10]. Other applications of superconducting resonators are in quantum computation experiments [11,12,13], multiplexed readout of transition edge sensor bolometers [14], and parametric amplifiers [15].…”

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confidence: 99%

Crosstalk Reduction for Superconducting Microwave Resonator Arrays

Noroozian

Day

Eom

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Large-scale arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are attractive candidates for use in imaging instruments for next generation submillimeter-wave telescopes such as CCAT. We have designed and fabricated tightly packed ~250-pixel MKID arrays using lumped-element resonators etched from a thin layer of superconducting TiNx deposited on a silicon substrate. The high pixel packing density in our initial design resulted in large microwave crosstalk due to electromagnetic coupling between the resonators. Our second design eliminates this problem by adding a grounding shield and using a double-wound geometry for the meander inductor to allow conductors with opposite polarity to be in close proximity. In addition, the resonator frequencies are distributed in a checkerboard pattern across the array. We present details for the two resonator and array designs and describe a circuit model for the full array that predicts the distribution of resonator frequencies and the crosstalk level. We also show results from a new experimental technique that conveniently measures crosstalk without the need for an optical setup. Our results reveal an improvement in crosstalk from 57% in the initial design down to \leq 2% in the second design. The general procedure and design guidelines in this work are applicable to future large arrays employing microwave resonators.Comment: Paper published in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Technique

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“…ARCONS is the first astronomical instrument based on optical/near-IR MKIDs, and is the largest non-dispersive optical/near-IR spectrophotometer fielded by a factor of 10. More details on the instrument design and goals can be found in Mazin et al 2 MKIDs work on the principle that incident photons change the surface impedance of a superconductor through the kinetic inductance effect. 3 The kinetic inductance effect occurs because energy can be stored in the supercurrent of a superconductor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A readout for large arrays of microwave kinetic inductance detectors

McHugh

Mazin²,

Serfass³

et al. 2012

Review of Scientific Instruments

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130

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Design and analysis of multi-color confocal microscopy with a wavelength scanning detector Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 053704 (2012) Short wavelength thermography: Theoretical and experimental estimation of the optimal working wavelength J. Appl. Phys. 111, 084903 (2012) Hole shape effect induced optical response to permittivity change in palladium sub-wavelength hole arrays upon hydrogen exposure J. Appl. Phys. 111, 084502 (2012) Few-photon-level two-dimensional infrared imaging by coincidence frequency upconversion Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 151102 (2012) Channelling optics for high quality imaging of sensory hair Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 045001 (2012) Additional information on Rev. Sci. Instrum. Microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) are superconducting detectors capable of counting single photons and measuring their energy in the UV, optical, and near-IR. MKIDs feature intrinsic frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) at microwave frequencies, allowing the construction and readout of large arrays. Due to the microwave FDM, MKIDs do not require the complex cryogenic multiplexing electronics used for similar detectors, such as transition edge sensors, but instead transfer this complexity to room temperature electronics where they present a formidable signal processing challenge. In this paper, we describe the first successful effort to build a readout for a photon counting optical/near-IR astronomical instrument, the ARray Camera for Optical to Nearinfrared Spectrophotometry. This readout is based on open source hardware developed by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research. Designed principally for radio telescope backends, it is flexible enough to be used for a variety of signal processing applications.

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ARCHONS: a highly multiplexed superconducting optical to near-IR camera

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Operation of a titanium nitride superconducting microresonator detector in the nonlinear regime

Operation of a titanium nitride superconducting microresonator detector in the nonlinear regime

Crosstalk Reduction for Superconducting Microwave Resonator Arrays

A readout for large arrays of microwave kinetic inductance detectors

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