Architecture for Blockchain Applications

Xu, Xiwei; Weber, Ingo; Staples, Mark

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03035-3

Cited by 216 publications

(191 citation statements)

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“…A blockchain is a distributed append‐only store of transactions distributed across computational nodes and structured as a linked list of blocks . Each block contains an ordered set of transactions.…”

Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, the full data objects required by these tasks can be stored off‐chain or in IPFS, so that only a link and a hash code need to be stored on‐chain. A discussion on the performance, availability, and security properties of these alternative design decisions for data storage can be found by Xu et al…”

Section: Design Principles and System Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A blockchain is a distributed append-only store of transactions distributed across computational nodes and structured as a linked list of blocks. 10 Each block contains an ordered set of transactions. A blockchain network is made up of nodes, a subset of which (called full nodes) holds a replica of the data structure, and in a public permissionless blockchain network, the nodes can join and leave as they please.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A smart contract is a computer program deployed on the blockchain, which may be invoked via a transaction. 10 When a new block is mined and broadcast, each full node in the peer-to-peer network is required to execute locally the set of transactions, including the ones calling smart contracts, and to perform the respective calculations to derive the current state after execution of the transactions included in that block. Applications that are designed to provide their main functionality through smart contracts are called dapps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Applications that are designed to provide their main functionality through smart contracts are called dapps. 10 Smart contracts are executed over the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), which is bundled within each peer node. The EVM is a runtime component, which provides a stack-based computing platform with a small set of operations that is sufficient to support the definition of Turing-complete programming languages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Caterpillar: A business process execution engine on the Ethereum blockchain

et al. 2019

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Summary Blockchain platforms, such as Ethereum, allow a set of actors to maintain a ledger of transactions without relying on a central authority and to deploy programs, called smart contracts, that are executed whenever certain transactions occur. These features can be used as basic building blocks for executing collaborative business processes between mutually untrusting parties. However, implementing business processes using the low‐level primitives provided by blockchain platforms is cumbersome and error‐prone. In contrast, established business process management systems (BPMSs), such as those based on the standard Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), provide convenient abstractions for rapid development of process‐oriented applications. This article demonstrates how to combine the advantages of a BPMS with those of a blockchain platform. The article introduces a blockchain‐based BPMN execution engine, named Caterpillar. Like any BPMN execution engine, Caterpillar supports the creation of instances of a process model and allows users to monitor the state of process instances and to execute tasks thereof. The specificity of Caterpillar is that the state of each process instance is maintained on the (Ethereum) blockchain and the workflow routing is performed by smart contracts generated by a BPMN‐to‐Solidity compiler. The Caterpillar compiler supports a large array of BPMN constructs, including subprocesses, multiple‐instance activities, and event handlers. The paper describes the architecture of Caterpillar and the interfaces it provides to support the monitoring of process instances, the allocation and execution of work items, and the execution of service tasks.

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Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Design Principles and System Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Caterpillar: A business process execution engine on the Ethereum blockchain

et al. 2019

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Smart ledger: The blockchain‐based accounting information recording protocol

Zhang

Ardakani

Han³

2021

J Corp Accounting Finance

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Blockchain technology has the potential to reduce transaction errors and enhance the quality of reporting significantly. This article proposes a conceptual blockchain‐based protocol, labelled Smart Ledger, as a replacement for the traditional accounting information recording system. A smart ledger is a computerized algorithm that utilizes blockchain technology to perform accounting ledger functions. Its validity is based on two mechanisms within the blockchain architecture: Fractional Accounting Transactions (FAT) and Hierarchical Accounting Transaction Execution (HATE). As such, the smart ledger is a hybrid protocol that combines accounting information recording principles with the immutability of blockchain technology. If widely implemented, it could have a significant impact on accounting practices and the accounting profession.

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Gas‐centered mutation testing of Ethereum Smart Contracts

Delgado‐Pérez,

Meléndez‐Lapi,

Boubeta‐Puig

2024

J Software Evolu Process

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Smart contracts (SC) are programs embodying certain business logic stored on a blockchain network like Ethereum. The execution of transactions on SC has a cost, measured in gas units, that depends on the low‐level operations performed. Therefore, a poor choice of high‐level language constructs could lead to overcharging users for their transactions. Thus, a testing process focused on possible deviations of the gas used in diverse scenarios could provide substantial global savings. This paper presents a gas‐centered mutation testing approach for taking care of the gas consumed by Solidity SCs. This approach can be useful to improve the test quality to detect gas‐related problems, reason about performance issues that only manifest in certain situations, and identify alternative more optimal implementations. We define and implement several mutation operators specifically designed to perturb gas consumption while preserving contract semantics in general. Our experiments using several real‐world SCs show the feasibility of the technique, with some mutants reproducing meaningful differences in the consumption and exposing some gas limits not tight enough in historic transactions. Therefore, our approach is shown to be a good ally to prevent the appearance of gas‐related issues and lays the groundwork for researchers seeking to improve performance testing practices.

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Architecture for Blockchain Applications

Cited by 216 publications

References 0 publications

Caterpillar: A business process execution engine on the Ethereum blockchain

Caterpillar: A business process execution engine on the Ethereum blockchain

Smart ledger: The blockchain‐based accounting information recording protocol

Gas‐centered mutation testing of Ethereum Smart Contracts

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