Applications of Microwave in Organic Synthesis: An Improved One-step Synthesis of Metallophthalocyanines and a New Modified Microwave Oven for Dry Reactions

Abstract

Metallophthalocyanine complexes are obtained quickly and efficiently by the reaction of phthalodinitrile with hydrated metallic salts without solvent and under microwave irradiation. The use of a modified commercial microwave oven to perform this type of reactions under dry conditions is described. Metallophthalocyanines and metallododecachlorophthalocyanines of some divalent metals can be also obtained from phthalic or tetrachlorophthalic anhydrides with hydrated metallic salt and urea under microwave irradiation and without solvent.

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of crown ether functionalized coumarin substituted cobalt and copper phthalocyanines

“…For example, Pcs are used in laser-beam printers and photocopiers [5,6], in nonlinear optics [7,8], as liquid crystals [9e11], as electrochromic substances [12], as carrier generation materials in near infrared (NIR) [13] and Langmuire Blodgett films [14]. Many substituted derivatives of Pcs behave like active components in various redox processes, for example, in photoredox reactions and photooxidations in solution [15,16] and for photodynamic cancer therapy (PDT) [17e19].…”

Electronic structure and oxygen reduction on tunable [Ti(IV)Pc]2+ and Ti(II)Pc titanyl-phthalocyanines: A quantum chemical prediction

“…However, recently published literature [23] provides a better understanding of N4-chelate compounds and providing solutions to stabilize the system in fuel cell environments.Among the macrocyclic complexes, metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) are the most versatile materials due to their low preparation cost, low toxicity, and high chemical and thermal stability [24]. They are used in various applications, ranging from color pigments, catalysts, liquid crystals, photosensitizers, electrochromic substances, and optical data storage to cancer therapy [25]. It is accepted that the breaking of the O-O bond during the H 2 O 2 formation process on the MPcs is the main reason for the 4e-pathway of the ORR.…”

Vanadium Oxytrihalide (VOX3)

“…(F) Villemin et al 11 developed a microwave-assisted, dry reaction (solvent-free) for the one-step synthesis of metallophthalocyanines. The strong near-infrared absorbent vanadyl phthalocyanine complex was obtained from phthalonitrile and VOCl 3 as blue-green solid in high yield (81%).…”

“…Other applications of VOX 3 are the synthesis of near-infrared absorbent organic semiconductor vanadyl phthalocyanine for organic electronic applications 11,12 and the use as catalysts in asymmetric synthesis.…”