Anatase and brookite
are robust materials with enhanced photocatalytic
properties. In this study, we used density functional theory (DFT)
with a hybrid functional and the Hubbard on-site potential methods
to determine electron- and hole-polaron geometries for anatase and
brookite and their energetics. Localized electron and hole polarons
were predicted not to form in anatase using DFT with hybrid functionals.
In contrast, brookite formed both electron and hole polarons. The
brookite electron-polaronic solution exhibits coexisting localized
and delocalized states, with hole polarons mainly dispersed on two-coordinated
oxygen ions. Hubbard on-site potential testing over the wide 4.0–10
eV range revealed that brookite polarons are formed at
U
= 6 eV, while anatase polarons are formed at
U
=
8 eV. The brookite electron polaron was always localized on a single
titanium ion under the Hubbard model, whereas the hole polaron was
dispersed over four oxygen atoms, consistent with the hybrid DFT studies.
The anatase electron polarons were dispersed at lower on-site potentials
but were more localized at higher potentials. Both methods predict
that brookite has a higher driving force for the formation of polarons
than anatase.
Often the choice of semiconductor material for light‐chemical energy conversion in solar cell technology is TiO2 polymorphs. However, quantum‐mechanical phenomena of electron self‐trapping (polaron) in these polar semiconductors present a challenge to optimize their performance for absorption of solar radiation. The electron trapped in the defect site of the lattice may suppress the recombination of charge carriers and improve the efficiency of light‐chemical energy conversion. Therefore, it is crucial to study polarons in transition metal oxides and semiconductors using first‐principles methods to elucidate the nature of charge carriers and trapping sites for ameliorating the performance of energy conversion. In this work, a comprehensive review is presented using selected literature of polaron studies in TiO2 from first‐principles methods. Overview of the Landau–Pekar model to the recent development of ab initio theory of polaron is presented. The popular DFT+U approach and hybrid functional method are discussed to show the general way of studying polaron using ab initio methods. Introduction of electron‐phonon interaction and the ab initio theory of polaron are briefly presented Therefore, this review presents the development of first‐principles methods from Landau theory to the state‐of‐the‐art to study polarons using TiO2 as the toy model. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are outlined.
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