GWAS involves testing genetic variants across the genomes of many individuals of a population to identify genotype–phenotype association. It was initially developed and has proven highly successful in human disease genetics. In plants genome-wide association studies (GWAS) initially focused on single feature polymorphism and recombination and linkage disequilibrium but has now been embraced by a plethora of different disciplines with several thousand studies being published in model and crop species within the last decade or so. Here we will provide a comprehensive review of these studies providing cases studies on biotic resistance, abiotic tolerance, yield associated traits, and metabolic composition. We also detail current strategies of candidate gene validation as well as the functional study of haplotypes. Furthermore, we provide a critical evaluation of the GWAS strategy and its alternatives as well as future perspectives that are emerging with the emergence of pan-genomic datasets.

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In this study, novel mono 1b (LuPc) and double-decker 1c (LuPc 2 ) lutetium(III) phthalocyanine (Pc) complexes carrying iodine groups have been synthesized and their electrochemical, in-situ spectroelectrochemical, and in-situ electrocolorimetric properties were studied and compared in solution. Electrochemically produced species of 1c displayed distinct spectral and color changes. Thus, spectroelectrochemical and electrocolorimetric measurements of cast film of 1c on indium-tin oxide (ITO) glass were also performed in aqueous solution with the aim of evaluating its applicability as an electrochromic material. ITO/LuPc 2 1c cast film illustrated distinct and reversible green to yellow, green to light blue and light blue to purple color changes due to the electrochemically generated anionic and cationic forms. The film showed high optical and coulombic stabilities and especially high optic contrast during the oxidation process. The response time was also found to be satisfactorily fast for the transitions between green and yellow colors. The results showed that 1c has the potential for usage as an efficient material in electrochromic devices.

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