Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology

Three-Dimensional Investigation of a 5 m Deflected Swale along the San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain

“…Ⓔ Full trench logs are available in Figure S1 of the electronic supplement to this article, and excerpts with key exposures are included in Figure 3. As described by Haddad et al (2012), these trenches and the site were further documented with terrestrial laser scanning.…”

“…High-resolution topography from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has become an increasingly important tool for measurement of fault-related geomorphic features and analysis of fault offset patterns (e.g., Bevis et al, 2005;Arrowsmith and Zielke, 2009;Zielke et al, 2010Klinger et al, 2011;Haddad et al, 2012;Salisbury et al, 2012). Digital elevation models (DEMs) produced from LiDAR topographic data enable easier identification and reproducible measurement of such piercing lines along with decimeter and finer-accuracy georeferencing (Gold et al, 2013).…”

Geomorphology of active faulting and seismic hazard assessment: New tools and future challenges

“…ALS offers regional scale coverage with up to a couple of meters resolution that is ideal for fault mapping (e.g. Hudnut et al, 2002;Cunningham et al, 2006;Arrowsmith and Zielke, 2009;Engelkemeir and Khan, 2008;Begg and Mouslopoulou, 2010;Hilley et al, 2010;Haddad et al, 2012;Oskin et al, 2012). On the other hand, the TLS is ground based, offers a lower coverage due to the limited range of the instruments and the reduced visibility from working at the surface, but provides a higher resolution, usually of a few cm, that depending on the distance to the target can be reduced up to a few mm (Jones et al, 2009;Wilkinson et al, 2010;Gold et al, 2012;Haddad et al, 2012;Gold et al, 2013;Wilkinson et al, in press this issue; Bubeck et al, in press this issue).…”

Spatio-Temporal Mapping of Plate Boundary Faults in California Using Geodetic Imaging

“…The 28 June 1992 Landers, California, earthquake (Mw 7.3) ruptured a northwest trending zone in the Mojave Desert [12] within the Eastern California Shear Zone. It formed a remarkable scarp along the Emerson Fault which has been repeatedly surveyed, allowing the original form of and modifications to the earthquake surface rupture to be described [20,104,105]. The rupture cut across a low relief and low gradient west-draining watershed along which there was limited evidence of pre-1992 faulting.…”

“…Early surveys were made with a total station with only hundreds of points to sample the ground [104]. In 2008, the site was scanned using a terrestrial laser scanner, producing more than 8 million ground points [105,106]. In 2012, a balloon-based system was used to fly a Nikon DSLR along the rupture and produced a high-quality SfM dataset of~100 million points and a 2 cm digital elevation model [20,107] (Figure 11).…”