Application Status of Co-Processing Municipal Sewage Sludge in Cement Kilns in China

Abstract

Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) disposal is an urgent issue in China with the continuous growth of sewage treatment capacity. Among various disposal methods, co-processing of MSS in cement kilns has been one of the most promising disposal methods in recent years. The present situation of sewage treatment and sludge disposal, the development of co-processing MSS in a cement kiln, and main disposal routes in China were discussed in this study. The results indicated that China had paid considerable attention to the technology and released correlative policies in the past few years. There were about 35 co-processing projects built in China, all of which were limited by construction scale and pollutant emissions. Due to differences in construction methods and economic conditions, China’s co-processing projects mainly employed three routes—direct addition to a transition chamber, addition to a precalciner after direct thermal drying, and addition to a precalciner after indirect drying. Summarizing and analyzing the characteristics of MSS co-processing would facilitate its development in China and similar regions.

A Framework for Sustainable Planning and Decision-Making on Resource Recovery from Wastewater: Showcase for São Paulo Megacity

“…Release of contaminant gases [141]; no need of specific treatment for ashes [99]; significant reduction in sludge volume to be disposed of; replacement of fossil fuels; the ashes recovery causes a reduction of use of raw material [145]; reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; lower emissions of CO 2 and NOx [146,147] [126] 750,000 EUR (for pre-treatment of food waste, considering 10 ton/day) [95]; 348,519-394,323 EUR (equipment total costs) [135,138] 11,704-45,016 EUR/(ton of sludge/day) [148]; sludge co-processing does not demand high investments [149] Operation and maintenance cost 1.6 EUR/kg P rec. 7 [102] 22,546 EUR/year [125], 894-1254 EUR/month; 97,000 EUR/year [127] 50 EUR/ton of treated waste [95]; 0.003-0.005 EUR per kWh per year (repair and maintenance); 0.006 EUR per m 3 of biogas (biogas treatment); 2691 EUR/year (other maintenance costs) [135] 10-40 EUR/ton of dewatered sludge [150]; or 90-100 EUR/ton of dried sludge [127] (includes also investment costs).…”

Structural Equation Model of Factors Influencing the Selection of Industrial Waste Disposal Service in Cement Kilns

“…The service providers can use the research results to plan the strategic business. Similar to the research of Xu et al [32], it stated the cement kiln co-processing of industrial waste disposal should be concurrently considered a potential business in addition to the balance of the various types of industrial waste disposal. Many researchers have studied business factors: for example, Wonglakorn et al [33] studied customer loyalty in logistics services [33] and Kwok et al [34] argued that business operation must start from positioning the business in the market to differentiate through the use of marketing mix theory in management.…”

Environmental potential analysis of co-processing waste in cement kilns

“…The authors of [8] have analyzed the harmless disposal rate of sludge in China. It has been increased from 25 % to more than 50 % in the last 5 years due to the expansion of the sludge treatment scale.…”