Application of waste eggshell as low-cost solid catalyst for biodiesel production

Preparation Calcium Oxide From Chicken Eggshells

“…The CaCO3 which is the main component of eggshells are known to have a decomposition temperature at 900 ºC. At temperature of 600 ºC and 700 °C the samples reduction in weight ranged up to 5%, this is due to the loss of organic compounds contained of eggshell which known to have about 4% in the eggshell [5]. Organic compounds are easily damaged and lost at temperatures above 100 °C.…”

“…Eggshell containing calcium carbonate (94%), calcium phosphate (1%), organic compounds (4%), and magnesium carbonate (1%) [4]. The high contains of calcium in eggshells can be converted as a CaO catalyst by calcinations process at temperature around 800ºC for 2 hours [5] where the reaction takes place as exothermic reaction.…”

Catalytic Conversion of Thevetia Peruviana Oil Into Biodiesel by Tio2-Zno Nanocatalyst

“…Heterogeneous catalysts have great advantages over homogeneous catalystsas it requires easier catalyst operation andseparation, reuse and regenerate thus lowering the cost of production. Alkali metal oxides and derivatives [5,6], alkaline earth metal oxides and derivatives [7,8,9,10], transition metal oxides and derivatives [11,12], mixed metal oxides and derivatives [13][14][15][16][17], ion exchange resins type acid heterogeneous catalyst [18,19],carbon based heterogeneous catalysts [20,21], waste material based heterogeneous catalysts [22,23], enzyme based heterogeneous catalyst [24] were reported in the recent years and their uses in laboratory scale biodiesel production. But most heterogeneous catalyst has limitations such as they require high reaction time, high reaction temperature and low catalytic stability which gives low yield of product due to slow reaction rate.…”

PREPARATION OF CALCIUM OXIDE FROM <i>Achatina fulica</i> AS CATALYST FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OIL

“…The shrimp shell catalyst was characterized using XRD, elemental analysis, EDS and FTIR. Wei et al [14] reported that waste eggshell could be used heterogeneously for transesterification and reused catalyst. The main chemical composition of shrimp shell and eggshell is CaCO 3 with base properties.…”