Application of the factorial design of experiments to biodiesel production from lard

Characterization and transesterification of Iranian bitter almond oil for biodiesel production

“…However, the effect of the excessive amount of catalyst on the biodiesel purity was less than that on the product yield and the biodiesel yield. When excess catalyst is used the amount of soaps Peanut seed oil [8,11] Canola oil [13] Cottonseed oil [20] Rapeseed oil [20] Soybean oil [20] Mahua oil [21] Iodine formed by saponification reaction increases. The soaps increase the methyl ester solubility in glycerol and produce emulsification of the ester and glycerol that makes difficulties in the separation of the esters [36,38,39].…”

“…The transesterification is a reaction of oil with an alcohol in the presence of suitable catalysts such as acid or alkaline catalysts [9,10]. Methanol is the most common alcohol because of its properties and its low cost [11]. Alkaline catalysts, such as potassium hydroxide are more effective in the transesterification process [12].…”

Statistical analysis of air-gap membrane desalination experimental data: Hypothesis testing

“…In these designs, main effects, as well as, interaction effects between main factors are usually of importance. The literature is very rich about the use of factorial design and analysis of experiments [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. As an example, a factorial experimental design (two factors, each at five levels) was employed by M. A. Martín et al [13] to study the effects of coagulant and flocculant dosages at certain pH value in oily wastewater treatment process on two response variables: chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC).…”

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“…Many studies report statistical analysis to optimize the parameters influencing the synthesis process in various vegetable oils [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] . But only a few studies to optimize lard synthesis process have been carried out 16,17 . Berrios et al 16 found a regression equation describing the relation between the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) concentration of BD and the operational variables (catalyst concentration and agitation speed).…”

“…But only a few studies to optimize lard synthesis process have been carried out 16,17 . Berrios et al 16 found a regression equation describing the relation between the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) concentration of BD and the operational variables (catalyst concentration and agitation speed). They reported that for lard synthesis, the most important variable is the catalyst concentration.…”