Application of stem cells in regeneration medicine

Abstract

Regeneration is a complex process affected by many elements independent or combined, including inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Stem cells is a class of primitive cells with the potentiality of differentiation, regenerate with self‐replication, multidirectional differentiation, and immunomodulatory functions. Stem cells and their cytokines not only inextricably linked to the regeneration of ectodermal and skin tissues, but also can be used for the treatment of a variety of chronic wounds. Stem cells can produce exosomes in a paracrine manner. Stem cell exosomes play an important role in tissue regeneration, repair, and accelerated wound healing, the biological properties of which are similar with stem cells, while stem cell exosomes are safer and more effective. Skin and bone tissues are critical organs in the body, which are essential for sustaining life activities. The weak repairing ability leads a pronounced impact on the quality of life of patients, which could be alleviated by stem cell exosomes treatment. However, there are obstacles that stem cells and stem cells exosomes trough skin for improved bioavailability. This paper summarizes the applications and mechanisms of stem cells and stem cells exosomes for skin and bone healing. We also propose new ways of utilizing stem cells and their exosomes through different nanoformulations, liposomes and nanoliposomes, polymer micelles, microspheres, hydrogels, and scaffold microneedles, to improve their use in tissue healing and regeneration.

Frontiers of stem cell engineering for nanotechnology-mediated drug delivery systems

“…Therefore, drug delivery systems continue to struggle to overcome these limitations. Drug delivery technologies have continued to advance since the first controlled-release formulation was introduced in 1950 [ 10-12 ]. Nowadays, the continuous development of nanotechnology has pioneered nano-drug delivery technology and has led to important applications in the field of drug delivery systems [ 1 , 13 ].…”

“…Within the body are stem cells that can ensure the continuity of the living tissues and organs in which they are and have the capacity to proliferate and differentiate themselves. Stem cells with various differentiation potentials, such as totipotent, multipotent, and unipotent, can develop into diverse types of cells, including liver cells, nerve cells, and cardiomyocytes according to the physiological needs of the body, depending on which tissue/organ needs regeneration [ 10 , 36-38 ]. Stem cells can be obtained from a variety of sources, such as peripheral blood, cord blood, bone marrow, adipose tissue, and dental pulp, for scientific research and/or medical purposes [ 36 , 39-41 ].…”

“…In addition to stem cells’ low immunogenicity and high targeting ability, they produce paracrine factors during the repair process, indicating that stem cells have the appropriate capacity for drug delivery systems. The paracrine factors have antiapoptotic, proangiogenic, and accelerated cell proliferation effects, which are essential to support the tissue [ 10 , 46 ]. Furthermore, they may show an inherent affinity for damaged tissues or tumour sites, and their targeting ability can be enhanced by gene and nanotechnology applications, thus enabling specific targeting and delivery of genes and drugs for various organs [ 24 ].…”

“…One of the most active areas in the global biomedical area since the turn of the 20 th century have been stem cell and regenerative medicine technologies, playing an indispensable role in protecting human life and health and improving human survival quality [ 10 , 39 ]. In the framework of regenerative medicine applications, exosomes derived from stem cells, similar to stem cells, play different roles in various phases of wound healing.…”

Intradermal Injection of Hybrid Complexes of High- and Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronan: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Headed in Regenerative Medicine?

“…Regenerative medicine is defined as the area of medicine that aims to restore organs or tissues that are impaired by pathological conditions or by trauma [ 51 , 52 , 53 ]. In this regard, potential therapeutic strategies to counteract the action of several inflammatory conditions and diseases are represented by novel procedures based on cellular therapies, principally involving the use of stem cells [ 54 , 55 ] or by several biomaterial formulations [ 56 , 57 ]. In particular, skin defects induced by trauma, burns, and unhealing chronic wound are a potential target to be treated thanks to the use of both cell-based and cell-free therapies [ 58 , 59 ].…”